As summarized below, recent studies demonstrate the potential of AP to mitigate many metabolic processes associated with the etiology of cancer at various stages. Similar results were found in cells exposed to an enriched extract of procyanidins (flavanols, catechin, and epicatechin). What is the chemical composition for apple? - Quora An intriguing report published in 2007 involved studying the association between maternal diet and the presence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in offspring 5 y later (56). Studies aimed at ranking in vitro antioxidant capacity of AP have been inconsistent as have those of other fruits and vegetables; some investigations rank antioxidant capacity as relatively poor, whereas others report good antioxidant activity compared to other fruits (45). The processes associated with aging and amplified in neurodegenerative diseases of aging are complex and not completely understood. Chemical composition of apple 31 List of Chemicals in an Apple - Main Ingredients Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 36%. This is of importance, because many flavonoids and dihydrocalchones are present in intact plant foods as glycosides with saccharide residues, but during processing and storage hydrolysis occurs, leading to the aglycone form. The prevalence of pulmonary disorders, particularly asthma, has been increasing over the past several decades worldwide (50). The addition of apples as part of an average daily caloric intake of 2401 389 kcal resulted in a significant weight loss of 1.32 kg after 10 wk. One of the most common pesticides used on apples after harvest is diphenylamine, used to prevent apple scald or browning of the skin that can occur during storage. A variety of in vitro systems have been used to test AP extracts for potential antioxidant capacity and the results of these studies have been variable. Checkmate, atheists. Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars Anywhoo . The strengths of this diet study included the use of whole fruits rather than extracts in addition to the easily achievable energy level of the weight loss regime and the involvement of a registered dietitian to implement the diet. The data are presented in the context of colon cancer, followed by breast cancer and general studies. It has been suggested that the aglycone form of flavonoids (i.e. They observed an increase in FRAP and a correlated increase in plasma urate levels, leading them to speculate that fructose-mediated urate production might account for their observations. Nutrient Composition of Hawthorn. Tsao R, Yang R, Xie S, Sockovie E, Khanizadeh S, Chun OK, Kim D-O, Smith N, Schroeder D, Han J, Lee C, Sampson L, Rimm E, Hollman P, deVries J, Katan M, Hertog MG, Feskens E, Hollman P, Katan MB, Kromhout D, Veeriah S, Hofmann T, Glei M, Dietrich H, Will F, Schreier P, Knaup B, Pool-Zobel BL, Gallus S, Talamini R, Giacosa A, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Miller A, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Bchner F, Vineis P, Agudo A, Gram I, Janson L, Krogh V, et al. Plasma levels of HDL cholesterol increased and liver TG content decreased, although plasma TG levels were somewhat higher. 2.1. Other disease-related processes that are reportedly influenced by AP include cell proliferation and tumor production, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, cell differentiation (11), platelet aggregation, lipid metabolism, cell adhesion molecule expression, and endothelial function, among others (12). A follow-up mechanistic study using a similar approach with polyphenol-rich apple extract was conducted to examine the effect of fermentation-generated SCFA on inhibition of histone deacetylase in 2 colon cancer cell lines, including HT29 and Caco-2 (26). Pre- and poststudy values were compared to assess antioxidant activity in the participants' erythrocytes and plasma. There is convincing evidence that diets high in fruits and vegetables are associated with reduced cancer in the lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and colon (13). Physical and chemical properties of apple juice and apple juice PDF chemical composition of apples Colorectal or colon cancer, the 4th most common cancer and the 3rd most common cause of death in Western society (16), has been the focus of many investigations. A laboratory Experiment was carried out to determine the physic-chemical composition of Red Delicious and Amri apple varieties under fresh and stored condition, which were determined on October 30, November 30, and December 30. It is estimated that over 80 million American adults (1 in 3 and particularly adults older than 60 y) have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. Although there were observed differences in effectiveness and specificity between each extract preparation, the effective range was comparable to quantities of phytochemicals found in apple juice. freshly squeezed orange juice. In this study, human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were exposed to TNF (10 g/L) to activate NF-B. Biochemistry - Wikipedia The sense of smell can detect odors are extremely low concentrations . An analysis of urinary samples collected postconsumption at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h demonstrated that the fresh and processed apple meals each decreased 3-h net acid excretion and attenuated calcium loss to a similar extent compared to the control meal (73). Rats were fed 2 different preparations of apple juice pressed from a mixture of apples to determine if 7 wk of daily consumption protected the mucosa from 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced genotoxic damage. Furthermore, AP are available on a year-round basis and the per capita utilization of apples and AP in the United States has been on the rise over the past several years (10). The chemical composition of an apple includes: water - over 85% of the total mass; proteins and fats - about 1%; carbohydrate compounds - almost 10%; organic acids; alimentary fiber; vitamins: PP, A in the form of beta-carotene, group B, C, E, H, K; James Kennedy. As is clear from table 1, carbohydrates are a major constituent of apples. Oxidative damage appears to be an initiating factor in several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, due to disruptions in DNA, protein, lipids, and other cellular components by ROS. The investigators isolated 43 components from an organic extract of apple and tested each for antioxidant/free radical scavenging activity using 5 different in vitro methods. In addition, the extract downregulated several signal pathways involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, including PKC and enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis. Follow-up work with this model to further characterize the effects of the fresh apple extract demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of markers of cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and down regulation of the cell cycle in mammary tumor cells (cyclin D1 protein expression) (28). Favorable effects on antioxidant enzymes in liver including SOD, GSHPx, and general markers of oxidation (hepatic TBARS) were significantly reduced by 4752%. Thus, it is important to consider the effects of potential breakdown products in the gut in addition to metabolites in the blood (12). In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP. This work proposes a potential mechanism by which AP, particularly metabolites related to AP exposure, might exert anticarcinogenic effects in the colon. Dietary antioxidants are of interest, because they add to the endogenous potential of the body to scavenge ROS and nitrogen-free radicals and directly counteract lipid peroxidation reactions. Both products also reduced the percentage of aortic surface area covered by foam cells (aortic fatty streak lesion area) by 48% in the apple group and 60% in the apple juice group compared to controls. In particular, apple juice concentrate prevents the characteristic decline in acetylcholine associated with aging and oxidative stress (62). In a follow-up to the above study to examine mechanisms, it was found that apple procyanidins have a dual effect of downregulating polyamine biosynthesis concurrent with stimulating the catabolism or breakdown of these compounds (22). However, no varietal differences were observed in the chemical or microscopic analysis of cloud material. pandamonium. Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise. However, the authors suggest that more work remains to fully understand the effects of hydrolysis on antioxidant capacity in AP. 3 comments. Caco-2/TC7 cells were exposed to apple extract, including a polyphenolic concentration equivalent to the consumption of 3 apples/d. The test meals were adjusted to provide comparable macronutrients. Apple juice preparations, including a cloudy (higher procyanidin and pectin) and a clear juice preparation, reduced important markers, including DNA damage and hyperproliferation and lowered the number of large aberrant crypt foci in the distal colon. Fruits and vegetables provide nutrients that are thought to be associated with improved bone health (vitamin C, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin K) in addition to producing alkaline metabolites that might improve bone health by reducing calcium excretion (72). Fecal fermentation resulted in a degradation of 99.9% of the parent polyphenols except for complex structures. Total polyphenol content determination The total polyphenol content of CHE extracts was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. AP consumption was also linked to beneficial effects on pulmonary function in healthy participants and those with diagnosed pulmonary disorders (1). The nitrogen content varied from 43.2 to 171.4 mg N/L. There are ongoing attempts to elucidate other bioactive compounds, beyond flavonoids, that might account for the observed effects of AP on cancer risk. The fermentation products of the apple juice extract in combination with pectin included acetate, propionate, and butyrate, the latter of which was most significantly correlated with histone deacylation inhibition. The quantity of phloridzin the rats consumed represented ~6 apples/d, depending on variety. A 2016 analysis from the PDP found that 80% of 531 apple samples contained residues of this chemical at 0.002-3.8 ppm, which is below the EPA's tolerance level of 10 ppm. As such, it would be inaccurate to conclusively state that apples alone induce weight loss on the basis of this study. Alloy 28 is a high-alloy multi-purpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions. Fifteen apple cultivars grown in two locations in Norway were investigated for their chemical composition, including polyphenol profiles. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Dina Spector. AP might be protective because of their antioxidant potential and phytochemical content. There have also been several studies that examined the potential of AP to reduce breast cancer risk. Total daily intake (g/d) of hard fruits (apples and pears) was included in the analysis with a median follow-up time of 6.4 y. In vitro studies from the above laboratory examined the potential mechanisms by which AP may cause reduction in mammary tumors (29). Table 1 is an attempt to summarize research studies of the last 10 years which are related, with different degrees, to sweet taste perception in apple. II. The variability might be attributed in part to the many types of apples and apple components studied in addition to varied reaction conditions, including pH, concentration, types of ROS, and other study conditions. The infection of Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) can severely damage the cellular structure of apple leaves, leading to a decrease in leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) and reduced fruit yield. In a combined investigation using cell and animal models to mimic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug injury, cultured gastric epithelial cells (MKN 28 from a human gastric tubular adenocarcinoma) were exposed to oxidative stress via 2- to 3-h exposure to xanthine oxidase and live rats were subjected to indomethacin, each with or without treatment with phenolic-rich extracts of freeze-dried apple (flesh only). The nature of the link between diet and disease is complex. CardboardChampion 3 yr. ago. Dianne A. Hyson, A Comprehensive Review of Apples and Apple Components and Their Relationship to Human Health, Advances in Nutrition, Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2011, Pages 408420, https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.000513. Abstract Suberized cell walls formed as barriers at This led the investigators to feed a fructose solution to the study participants to mimic the content in 5 apples (64 g fructose). Among the enzymes of interest in intestinal tissues is cytochrome P450 1A1, an enzyme known to activate chemical carcinogens. Animal feeding and in vitro studies have shown the potential of AP in breast cancer reduction. Exploring the chemical composition and coloring qualities of cacao Studies are presented below, grouped by disease states and/or disease processes when applicable. Because early lesions in the colon may progress to malignancy, the presence of premalignant hyperproliferative crypts and aberrant crypts are indicators of the potential pathogenesis of cancer in this model. The rats were provided phloridzin, a flavonoid isolated from apple wood in this study but also present in apples, particularly the peel. Histological analysis showed that consumption of the apple extract also reduced the proportion of highly malignant adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner from 81.3% in the control group to ~57, 50, and 23% in the low, middle, and high doses of apple extracts, respectively, over 24 wk. Tumor size as a significant prognostic factor in T1 gastric cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis. The authors are among the few to address the potential importance of pH in flavonoid-mediated activity. Their experiments tested for the effectiveness of various fruits in inhibiting ROS-induced production of ethylene from -keto--methiolbutyric acid. The chemical composition of apples and cider. A man made a genius ingredient label for popular fruits and revealed why the term 'chemical-free' is meaningless. Several studies demonstrate that AP reduce cell proliferation, alter markers of the cell cycle, increase apoptotic mechanisms, and modulate signal transduction pathways. Data were based on FFQ (including interviews) of dietary intake in the 2 y prior to diagnosis. However, when these mice received apple juice concentrate diluted in drinking water (0.5%) for 1 mo (equivalent to human consumption of 23 eight-ounce glasses of apple juice/d), there was a significant improvement in cognitive-related performance and reduced prooxidative status compared to controls (59). Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars It is estimated that 1.5 million people will suffer an osteoporotic-related fracture each year. (23) recently reported that PKC activity was reduced by 50% in HT29 cells after 24-h exposure to apple extracts at a relatively high concentration (403 g/mL). Apple juice concentrate may work by other mechanisms, including the ability to suppress overexpression of presenilin-1, which is linked to the production of amyloid peptide, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (63, 64). The authors concluded that these compounds could be partially responsible for the anticancer activities associated with AP. The goal of the follow-up study was to determine if flavonoid content of apples accounted for the observed improvement in outcomes related to asthma. Apple juice also attenuated the neurotoxicity of amyloid peptide in vitro (65). Fresh apples contain about 15% total carbohydrate. Feeding trials are important in illustrating in vivo effects of AP and there are convincing data that AP intake is associated with improved antioxidant capacity in plasma and other tissues. Their review included an overview of the positive association between AP and health benefits demonstrated in observational studies (1). There has been an increasing appreciation and understanding of the link between dietary fruit and vegetable intake and improved health in humans. Selected polyphenols in apples and apple products. Parents/caregivers reported apple and apple juice intake and health data of over 2600 children aged 511 y. a compact disc. The influence of farming systems on the harvest of apple tree orchards and the chemical composition of apples S. Nominaitis1, V. M. Rutkoviene1, P. Vikelis 2 Key words: genus, scab, skin toughness, picking maturity, fruit quality Summary: Research of apple productivity and quality was carried out in organic and intensive The findings of these investigators and many others suggest that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts in terms of a protective effect of AP on cancer. (53) recently published a follow-up analysis of an earlier study in which they demonstrated a protective effect of apple consumption on asthma (54). The only ingredients that are supposed to be in an apple are sunlight, natural goodness, health, positivity, happiness, and a little bit of love. Polyphenolic concentration of whole apples (freeze dried) and apple juice. How Odor Works Composition of apple wastes used as raw materials; comparison of the elemental composition of the materials from the as-received apple waste and from the residue kept in air for 8 days; TGA and DTA curves for the pyrolysis of apple pomace under N 2 at 20 C min -1 . Their work focused on NF-B, a transcription factor involved in regulation of inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. The authors concluded that the high procyanidin content and metabolites in the apple extract might directly interfere with cholesterol absorption in addition to modulating lipids and lipid-related processes. Validated FFQ including 208 food items and photographic prompts were used to determine dietary intake and categorize food into quartiles. Although the SCFA were not correlated with inhibition of growth in this study, it is known that SCFA can stimulate pathways of growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. These are described in the following section in the context of cardiovascular disease, although it is recognized that antioxidant effects are likely important in chemoprevention as well. It is thought that lungs are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to high and continual exposure to oxygen. (17) used a well-established rat model of chemically induced colonic damage (using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine) to examine alterations associated with colon cancer and to test the effects of AP. There is clearly a need for controlled clinical intervention studies using AP to further examine the potential association between AP and asthma. The product can be eaten without fear of pesticides and other harmful impurities. A study in Oregon involved testing 6 healthy participants (3 men and 3 women) after they consumed 5 apples (flesh and skin, 1037 38 g) (39). Very preliminary in vitro evidence indicates that compounds from AP could be protective against gastric ulcer. Apples and AP3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. Histone deacylation inhibition is associated with reduced colon carcinogenesis. It has also been proposed that dihydrochalcones, particularly phloretin-2-0-glucoside present in relatively high amounts in AP, inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transporters in the intestinal lumen, therefore potentially reducing postprandial glucose response (68, 69). Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars Thus, apples may be potentially important in weight-related disorders. Which polyphenolic compounds contribute to the total antioxidant activities of apple? Although this effect was less robust after adjustment for intake of other fruits and vegetables, the association remained. Antioxidant activity, including the scavenging of free radicals, is thought to reduce cell proliferation and induce detoxification enzymes and apoptosis. More than 1400 adult participants in a case-control study of dietary antioxidants and asthma in the UK completed FFQ for assessment of daily intake of 3 major classes of flavonoids, including flavonols, flavones, and catechins. It was found that cell proliferation was reduced in cells exposed to apple extracts in a dose-dependent manner with a median EC50 of 65.1 g/L. Review of 93 intervention studies. More than 4000 flavonoids have been identified and all share a common carbon skeleton structure (C6-C3-C6). There was also a 1.5-fold increase in SCFA in the fermented samples compared to nonfermented. Increasingly protective effects were observed in rats fed extract doses equivalent to 1, 3, or 6 apples/d with reductions in tumor incidence of 17, 39, and 44%, respectively. A small study of absorption in ileostomy patients showed that 66.9100% of ingested apple phenolics were absorbed or metabolized in the small intestine, implying that a range of 033% might reach the colon (25). Subsequent work by the same investigators provided a detailed analysis of the extent of metabolization of polyphenolic compounds after digestion and absorption. In this study, 515 adults with diagnosed asthma were compared to 515 controls using dietary assessment by a 6-d food diary and 24-h recall. Subsequent tests were conducted to determine if apple extracts (peel and flesh) and selected phytochemicals could attenuate this activation. Chemical analysis of apple juice showed that the levels of organic acids, sugars and soluble pectin differed between cultivars. However, detailed analysis of the nutrient content and antioxidant properties of the seeds and pulp has not yet been reported. All 3 groups were matched for the additional dietary fiber provided by each of the treatments. Thirteen pure compounds were identified as triterpenoids and tested for antiproliferative activity against human liver cancer cells (HepG2), as well as human breast cancer and colon cancer cells (MCF-7 and Caco-2, respectively). The investigators tested for the ability of apple to protect against DNA damage in cultured lymphocytes isolated after apple exposure and found a significant protective effect at 3 h with a gradual loss of protection 24 h postconsumption. The estrogen-negative cells exhibited a greater sensitivity to the apple extracts than the estrogen-responsive model. Its chemical formula is C 10 H 10 O 4. 37 First, 150 L of a CHE extract aqueous solution (1 mg mL 1), 150 L of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 600 L of water and 1500 L of sodium carbonate solution (7% w/v) were mixed.The reaction mixture was stirred for five minutes and stored in the dark . The aim of the study was assessing the advantages of dietary supplementation with the above pomaces. There is growing evidence that dietary variables may be related to cognitive decline in normal aging and also influence the risk and course of neurodegenerative diseases of aging. A hospital-based, case-control study published in 2005 included over 6000 participants from various regions in Italy and examined the association between fresh apple intake and risk of cancer (14). Recent work suggests that these products may also be associated with improved outcomes related to cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, pulmonary function, and gastrointestinal protection. Blood sampled at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h postconsumption was assayed for FRAP and plasma ascorbate and urate levels. Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution 0.5%. Others have worked to characterize the effects of individual compounds known to be present in AP. Recent trials have added data that suggest a protective effect of AP on risk of cancer. The apple protected cells from oxidative damage, particularly the extract that was highest in chlorogenic acid (104 mmol/L). Isolated fractions of the major phenolics in the juice (phloretin and quercetin and their 2 glucoside forms, phlorizin and rutin, respectively) were shown to account in part for the inhibitory effects. Additional work from this laboratory using mice with genetically induced oxidative stress (an ApoE-deficient strain) showed that 1 mo of apple juice concentrate intake reduced the accumulation of ROS in brain tissue and attenuated cognitive impairment (60, 61). The data were based on dietary assessment questionnaires from a prospective cohort of 478,590 male and female participants in 23 centers from 10 European countries. Apples are generally thought of as being a good source of fiber. Identify each substance as a compound, an element, a heterogeneous mixture, or a homogeneous mixture (solution). Each group was provided guidelines for a moderate hypocaloric diet designed to reduce body weight at a rate of 1 kg/mo (deficit of 250 kcal/d). 3. A similar pattern of beneficial association was present when the groups were stratified by age, energy intake, vegetable consumption, smoking, and BMI. A comparison of the lowest quintile of intake (average 43 g/d) compared to the highest 2 quintiles (93.5 and 164.9 g/d, respectively) showed a significant inverse association between combined apple and pear intake and lung cancer in all participants and current smokers. Flavonoids are further divided into different classes based on molecular structure, several of which are present in significant quantities in AP, including flavanols, flavonols, and anthocyanidins as well as dihydrochalcones and hydroxycinnamic acids (3). The protective effect of AP was not associated with any of these, leading the authors to speculate that other unrecognized compounds, including catechins, may have accounted for the link. It was found that apple juice from concentrate was significantly and dose-dependently associated with reduced wheeze (juice ranging from 1 serving/mo to 1 serving/d) but not with reduced presence of asthma. A crossover study of ex vivo data examined the effect of a bolus of apple (600 g of homogenized unpeeled apples) in a small group of young healthy males in Italy (n = 6) (38). The association persisted even after correction for other factors, including childhood diet and lifestyle variables. They found that apple consumption reduced anxious behavior in rats in elevated maze tests and restored synaptic function (long-term potentiation) to the level of younger animals. Alloy 28 is a high-alloy multi-purpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions. Chemical composition of apple fruit, juice and pomace and the Early work suggested a potential association between AP intake and reduced risk of coronary artery disease, lung cancer, asthma, and diabetes. Food Applications and Potential Health Benefits of Hawthorn Fructose and glucose were identified as the principal monosaccharides ( Table 2 ). 1 (4). Ink. All those chemicals are because of GMOs the scientists inject into our apple trees. After 80 d of treatment, it was found that phloridzin intake improved femoral bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover. (65) propose that the content of S-adenosyl methionine in apple juice concentrate might account in part for these effects, because comparable effects were observed with S-adenosyl methionine alone. An effect of AP on NF-B activity was observed in another cell line in a recent study by Davis et al. The chemical structures of several representative polyphenols present in AP are shown in Fig. Overproduction and/or overexposure to oxidants in the body can result in an imbalance leading to cellular damage. The cells were exposed to apple extracts, prepared from fresh fruit (assayed for total phenolic and flavonoid content) across several ranges from 0 to 60 g/L. Fresh apple intake (26/wk) tended to be protective but was not significant for a dose-response relationship. Ingredients in Popular Fruits Reveal Why the Name 'Chemical' Is Meaningless 2.1 Chemical Composition of Apple and Apple Waste. selenium. A case-control study from the UK also did not show a protective effect of apples on risk of developing asthma (58). (55) examined the effect of AP on the presence of asthma diagnosis and symptoms (defined as wheeze) in children in the UK. Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion in various environments. The authors proposed that the weight loss was due in part to the significant decrease in energy density of the diet due to the addition of apples compared to the oat cookies in spite of the comparable fiber content of the two. The synthetic mixture of polyphenols also inhibited growth, although less effectively, and isolated components were significantly less effective than either mixture.

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