WebCurrently, ICD10CMs Index to diseases, directs the coder to seehematoma when the term seroma is referenced. * Y93.45. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. I62.00 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. All surgeries come with certain risks, and brain surgery carries even greater risk. What Are Craniotomy and Craniectomy Procedures? Removal of implanted spinal neurostimulator pulse generator. The other choices in that code range, which are incorrect for this scenario, are: All three of these code descriptions either involve evacuation of a different type of hematoma than documented, or they refer to a different region of the brain. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. * W19.XXXA. When I started my education in medical coding, I had so many questions. WebQuestion: FIND ICD-10-PCS CODE: Preoperative Diagnosis: Left-sided subdural hematoma Postoperative Diagnosis: Left-sided subdural hematoma Left frontal temporoparietal craniotomy and evacuation of subdural hematoma (HINT: one code) This is a 75 year-old female who has had some difficulty with mentation, some speech impairment consistent The supratentorial region of the brain lies above the tentorium cerebelli, a fold of dura mater that divides the frontal and occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum. Preoperative Diagnosis: Left-sided subdural hematoma, Postoperative Diagnosis: Left-sided subdural hematoma, Left frontal temporoparietal craniotomy and evacuation of subdural hematoma (HINT: one code). In this condition Pressure on the brain is increased suddenly due to the pool of blood. Discover how to save hours each week. But how do we find the correct code in the CPT coding manual Index? The documentation may indicate a craniectomy was performed, or it may indicate a craniotomy was performed. A craniectomy or craniotomy also can be used to find and remove a brain tumor. AHA Coding Clinic for ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS - 2015 Issue 3; Ask the Editor Open Evacuation of Subdural Hematoma. A drain or special kind of monitor may be put in the brain tissue to measure the amount of intracranial pressure. The 2022 edition of ICD-10-CM Z86. Learn more about me HERE. No charge. The symptoms of subdural hematoma can depend on the type of injury (whether its acute or chronic) and can vary from one person to another. This space is known as Subdural Space because it is below the dura and bleeding into this space is known in medical terms as Subdural Hemorrhage. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. People with brain tumors have several treatment options. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Acute subdural hematoma is the most dangerous type usually caused by a vehicle accident, a blow to the head or a fall from a height. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Extirpation, Subdural Space 00C4. In addition, it doesnt matter if the documentation indicates the type of hematoma was extradural or subdural. With early treatment of these injuries, patients will have better chances of full recovery. Incision is made, usually behind the hairline, but another location may be incised based on the site of the problem. Nursing Treatment for this head injury is generally based on the type and severity of the injury. The speed of recovery often depends on the type and extent of damage the hematoma has caused to the brain. This video is age-restricted and only available on YouTube. * Y92.213. This. Step 3: perform a craniotomy, open the skull. ** This post was reviewed and updated on December 14, 2022. results in less pain, faster recovery, and minimal scarring. Click Here. Code 64840 There is a difference, however. The dura was quite tense and nonpulsatile and, after we tented up about the circumference of the craniotomy site, opened the dura. 61312, Craniectomy or craniotomy for evacuation of hematoma, supratentorial; extradural or subdural. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. All Rights Reserved. Share on Twitter, Your email address will not be published. ICD 10 PCS CODE ANSWER ? Surgery is complete. hemorrhage included with underlying conditions, such as: ulcerative enterocolitis with rectal bleeding (. He was diagnosed with right subdural hematoma, and emergency craniotomy with evacuation of subdural hematoma was done. endstream endobj startxref This approach may be used to remove brain tumors such as meningiomas or acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas). However, very small subdural hematomas may be carefully monitored first to see if they heal without having an operation. Both procedures are performed by a neurosurgeon in a hospital setting while the patient is unconscious and under general anesthesia. In some cases, once discharged, a patient may also need to go to a rehabilitation unit for several days. What is the ICD 10 code for History of craniotomy? A low level of red blood cells can indicate significant blood loss. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Symptoms of an acute subdural hematoma occur rapidly following an injury. What is the ICD 10 code for subdural hematoma? Coupon "NSingh10" for 10% Off onFind-A-CodePlans, Allianz Assistance UK-Allianz Upto 5% off Use Code: AFF05. %%EOF Egress of subdural machine oil-colored fluid with septated membranes was identified. Left frontal temporoparietal CPT codes for craniectomy or craniotomy for evacuation of hematomas are found by looking at codes 61312-61315. 61314, Craniectomy or craniotomy for evacuation of hematoma, infratentorial; extradural or subdural 61315, Craniectomy or craniotomy for evacuation of Website Design by, Last updated Mar 3, 2023 | Published on Sep 7, 2018, Goiter occurs due to the irregular growth or overa, With us, get your verifications 3 to 5 days ahead, Root canal procedures treat infection at the soft, As one of the premier dental insurance verificatio, Outsourcing your medical billing to OSI can save y, An efficient patient eligibility verification proc, Advantages of Outsourcing Chiropractic Medical Billing, Learn the ICD-10 Codes to Identify Pneumonia. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. In general the scalp incisions, bone openings and exposures of the brain tend to be larger than necessary to ensure that the surgeon can actually find the brain tumor within the craniotomy opening. Methods: A literature search using major online databases and a manual search of reference on the topic of craniotomy and craniectomy for evacuation of subdural Outsource Strategies International is one of the leading medical billing and coding companies in the medical outsourcing space focused on all aspects of revenue cycle management. hb```I@ 9>r9-\juXN"Id x00^BDG>/MuHme An extradural hematoma can cause drowsiness or even coma immediately following trauma. Injury of other cranial nerves, left side, initial encounter. Nursing diagnosis for subdural hematoma. Sciatic neuroplasty, leg. Chronic- This Subdural Hematomas is common in older people. The membranes were resected and I coagulated back to the edge of copiously with saline solution with clear return and the subdural was both machine oil-colored in appeareance, some fresh clot, and minimal amber-colored fluid loculated. 1 What is the ICD 10 Procedure Code for craniotomy? 0094 Subdural Space, Intracranial. In addition, neurologists will also check your blood pressure and heart rate and recommend a detailed blood test to check for the total blood count. See our privacy policy. Subdural hematomas are broken down into acute, subacute, and chronic types. 2022 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code Z86. According to. 4 What are the 5 steps in the path to code a craniotomy or craniectomy? by Natalie Tornese | Last updated Mar 3, 2023 | Published on Sep 7, 2018 | Medical Coding. **. Medical Billing and Coding Information Guide. I received my A.S. degree in Medical Billing and Coding and graduated with highest honors. As long as one of these methods were performed, and the purpose was to evacuate an extradural or subdural hematoma in the supratentorial region of the brain, code 61312 would be assigned. If the physician identifies bleeding in any area, the source of the bleeding will be determined and a plan of action developed to address the specific issue. 2 How do you code craniotomy or craniectomy? Neurosurgeons or neurology specialists who provide appropriate treatment for this type of injuries should also ensure that the medical coding for this condition is properly done on the medical claims. To read the full article, sign in and subscribe to AHA Coding Clinic for ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS . There are many reasons why a surgeon may elect to perform brain surgery, according to Healthline. WebObjective: The aim of this study was the verification of the Subdural Hematoma in the Elderly (SHE) score proposed by Alford et al. WebCraniosynostosis. Methods: Patients were scored WebRight sided craniotomy for evacuation of subacute subdural hematoma Index: Evacuation, Hematoma see Extirpation. 81: Encounter for surgical aftercare following surgery on specified body systems. She brings twenty five years of hands on management experience to the company. If the surgeon performs a craniectomy or craniotomy to remove the hematoma, coders would look to codes 6131261315. Sutures or surgical staples are used to close the skin incision in the scalp, and a sterile bandage or dressing is applied. What is Accounts Receivable Management in Medical Billing? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Insurance Verification and Authorizations, S06.5X0A Traumatic subdural hemorrhage without loss of consciousness, initial encounter, S06.5X0D Traumatic subdural hemorrhage without loss of consciousness, subsequent encounter, S06.5X0S Traumatic subdural hemorrhage without loss of consciousness, sequela, S06.5X1A Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, initial encounter, S06.5X1D Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, subsequent encounter, S06.5X1S Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 30 minutes or less, sequela, S06.5X2A Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, initial encounter, S06.5X2D Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, subsequent encounter, S06.5X2S Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 31 minutes to 59 minutes, sequela, S06.5X3A Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, initial encounter, S06.5X3D Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, subsequent encounter, S06.5X3S Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 1 hour to 5 hours 59 minutes, sequela, S06.5X4A Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, initial encounter, S06.5X4D Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, subsequent encounter, S06.5X4S Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of 6 hours to 24 hours, sequela, S06.5X5A Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, initial encounter, S06.5X5D Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, subsequent encounter, S06.5X5S Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours with return to pre-existing conscious level, sequela, S06.5X6A S06.5X6 Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, initial encounter, S06.5X6D S06.5X6 Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, subsequent encounter, S06.5X6S S06.5X6 Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours without return to pre-existing conscious level with patient surviving, sequela, S06.5X7A Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of any duration with death due to brain injury before regaining consciousness, initial encounter, S06.5X8A Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of any duration with death due to other cause before regaining consciousness, initial encounter, S06.5X9A Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, initial encounter, S06.5X9D Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, subsequent encounter, S06.5X9S Traumatic subdural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration, sequela. However, very small hematomas may be carefully monitored first to see if they heal without having an operation. gpIl7E3jtLC%l >H5_m#+p%hczGA7rB!4#0I1 a At this time the dura was reapproximated after hmostasis was secured with FloSeal, bipolar coagulation, and thrombonin-soaked Gelfoam. Subdural Hematomas occures up to 25 percent of people due to head injuries. In general the scalp incisions, bone openings and exposures of the brain tend to be larger than necessary to ensure that the surgeon can actually find the brain tumor within the craniotomy opening. First, we want to look up Craniotomy, evacuation, hematoma 61312-61315. According to the Mayo Clinic, an extradural hematoma, also referred to as an epidural hematoma, occurs when an artery or vein ruptures between the outer surface of the dura mater and the skull. A craniotomy is usually performed to gain access to the location where further treatment is needed. The craniotomy incision was extended to connect the burr holes, and additional blood covering the entire exposed brain was irrigated. WebICD-10-CM codes. Learn more about me HERE. Webhematoma right FTP area S P craniotomy evacuation of subdural hematoma. What is the ICD-10 code for personal history of meningioma? Nursing plan for subdural hematoma zfc theopsfolks com. A craniectomy is similar to a craniotomy. Plan For Brain Bleed. The type of procedure performed is based on the condition being treated and the benefits and risks involved. Some of the reasons for performing a craniotomy, as reported by Johns Hopkins, include: Here is a short 5-minute video on craniotomy and craniectomy procedures. Diagnosing an epidural or a subdural hematoma may include such imaging techniques as a computerized tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, or an angiogram. In some cases, there are chances that the symptoms may come back and hence surgery to drain the hematoma may need to be repeated. The author and contributor of this blog N.K.Singh (NSingh) is working in Medical Billing and Coding since 2010. A complete blood count measures your red blood and white blood cell count and platelet count. Step-by-step explanation ICD-10-CM codes. * S06.5X0A - Traumatic subdural hemorrhage without loss of consciousness, Initial encounter. Subscribe Now to keep yourself updated with the latest blog post! WebPreoperative Diagnosis: Left-sided subdural hematoma. The blood collects between the skull and the surface of the brain. Craniectomy or craniotomy for evacuation of hematoma, supratentorial; extradural or subdural. Such cases form quickly and are often harder to treat. blood between the dura According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, a craniotomy is the surgical removal of part of the bone, called a bone flap, from the skull to expose the brain. WebA drain was left in th subgaleal space and the edge. People at greater risk of subdural hematoma are the elderly, those who take aspirin or other daily blood thinning medication, and those who abuse alcohol. 011 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. 00940 Open. From there, I went on to earn my CPC-A (now CPC), CCA, and HCS-D credentials. The bone that shapes the cheek and the orbit (eye socket) is temporarily removed. Nursing Care Plan NCP NPI Look-Up Tool (National Provider Identifier), The official AHA publication for ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS coding guidelines and advice, ALL years/issues back to 1984 organized by year and issue, Includes ICD-10-CM/PCS Articles since 2013, Fullysearchablethrough Find-A-Code's Comprehensive Search, Codes mentioned in articles are linked to Code Information pages, Code Information pages link back to related articles. In the Tabular, our correct code can be verified as: 61312, Craniectomy or craniotomy for evacuation of hematoma, supratentorial; extradural or subdural. Computerized tomographic scanning of the brain revealed a large hematoma in the subdural space about the left convexity. Possible complications of a craniotomy include: Rare complications that generally relate to particular sites within the brain may or may not apply to all individuals and include: In CPT, codes for craniectomy and craniotomy are located in the Surgery/Nervous System section under the Skull, Meninges, and Brain heading and Craniectomy or Craniotomy subheading (61304-61576). ACUTE SUBDURAL HEMATOMA by jomar deliguin on Prezi. Loralee joined MOS Revenue Cycle Management Division in October 2021. Tissue samples may be sent to the lab to be tested. Your email address will not be published. Traumatic subdural hemorrhage without loss of consciousness, initial encounter. This is a 75 year-old female who has had some difficulty with mentation, some speech impairment consistent with aphasia, and some right-sided weakness. If you like this article, please share it. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. But as it relates to medicine, there are ways to find out. 236 0 obj <>stream 6 What is the ICD-10 code for personal history of meningioma? Because permanent brain damage can occur, medical attention is needed for all three of these types. Surgical techniques include craniotomy (a section of the skull is temporarily removed in order to access and remove the hematoma) and burr holes (a small hole is made in the skull and a tube is inserted through the hole to help drain blood clots). CPT is registered trademark of American Medical Association. Specialized tools are used to remove the section of bone called the bone flap. Required fields are marked *, document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a4684a6201ceef8657c6e5e11e5e39ff" );document.getElementById("db3b1e8987").setAttribute( "id", "comment" );Comment *. What is the ICD 10 Procedure Code for craniotomy? Answer: In addition to the arthrodesis and instrumentation codes that would apply, the use of the open reduction and internal fixation code (22325 for lumbar, 22326 for cervical, 22327 for thoracic) may be used. ICD-10-CM C71.9 is grouped within C71 Malignant neoplasm of brain. THURSDAY, April 27, 2023 (HealthDay News) -- For patients with traumatic acute subdural hematoma, disability and quality-of-life outcomes are similar with Preoperative Diagnosis: Left-sided subdural hematoma A myocutaneous scalp flap was reflected over towel rolls, with rubber bands and hemostats helping to effect exposure. What CPT code should be assigned for this procedure? $A5DpdAz~XA,)$+0Dqbibyd@&kb 8RAJg I The membranes were resected and I coagulated back to the edge of copiously with saline solution with clear return and the subdural was both machine oil-colored in appeareance, some fresh clot, and minimal amber-colored fluid loculated. The bone flap may not be replaced if a tumor or infection in the bone is found, or if decompression is needed to reduce the pressure. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferrred to the recovery room with stable vital signs. 011: Personal history of benign neoplasm of the brain. A CT (computed tomography) scan or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is used to locate the area of the brain that needs treatment. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. A Subdural Hematoma is a condition of bleeding inside the head. It. According to OncoLink, they include: A craniotomy usually requires that the patient remains in the hospital for three to seven days. What are the options for brain tumor c71.9? At this time the dura was reapproximated after hmostasis was secured with FloSeal, bipolar coagulation, and thrombonin-soaked Gelfoam. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Code 64712 9. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. First, we want to look up Craniotomy, evacuation, hematoma 61312-61315. * Y93.45 - Activity, cheerleading. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM I62.00 became Incision and subcutaneous placement of cranial bone graft (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure), raniectomy, subtemporal, for section, compression, or decompression of sensory root of gasserian ganglion, Craniectomy; with excision of tumor or other bone lesion of skull, Implantation of brain intracavitary chemotherapy agent (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure), Hypophysectomy or excision of pituitary tumor, transnasal or transseptal approach, nonstereotactic, , Craniectomy for craniosynostosis; single cranial suture, , Craniectomy for craniosynostosis; multiple cranial sutures, , Craniotomy for craniosynostosis; frontal or parietal bone flap, , Craniotomy for craniosynostosis; bifrontal bone flap, , Extensive craniectomy for multiple cranial suture craniosynostosis (e.g., cloverleaf skull); not requiring bone grafts, , Extensive craniectomy for multiple cranial suture craniosynostosis (e.g., cloverleaf skull); recontouring with multiple osteotomies and bone autografts (e.g., barrel-stave procedure) (includes obtaining grafts). Subdural hematoma can be either acute or chronic. Postoperative Diagnosis: Left-sided subdural hematoma. Can you use code for both craniotomy and craniectomy? The bone flap is temporarily removed, then replaced after the brain surgery has been done. Computerized tomographic scanning of the brain revealed a large hematoma in the subdural space about the left convexity. The bone flap is returned to its original location, and plates, sutures, or wires are used to secure it permanently in place. Neurosurgery medical coding involves using the specific ICD-10 diagnosis codes for reporting subdural hematoma on the medical claims they submit to health Do not additionally report a decompression code (such as laminectomy code) at the level of the ORIF procedure. Egress of subdural machine oil-colored fluid with septated membranes was identified. People with brain tumors have several treatment options. Head injury is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. This approach is mostly used for lesions that are too complex to be removed by more minimally invasive approaches. There are three membrane layers called meninges and it lies between the bony skull and brain tissue. S06.0 Concussion; S06.1 Traumatic cerebral edema; S06.2 Diffuse traumatic brain injury; S06.3 Focal traumatic brain injury; S06.4 Epidural WebICD-10-CM code: [b] 63685, T85.113A CASE 7 PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Acute epidural hematoma POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: As above ANESTHETIC AGENT: General Endotracheal OPERATION: Left craniotomy for evacuation of epidural hematoma (emergent) INDICATIONS: The patient presented with a history of a motor vehicle accident. 2022 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code Z48. Subacute- In this case symptoms appear after many days or even weeks. Common symptoms include . Your email address will not be published. * 61154. Craniotomy is a surgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed in order to view the brain. Learn how to get the most out of your subscription. This results in less pain, faster recovery, and minimal scarring. A craniotomy is the surgical removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain. Cancel anytime. The options are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Some people might say, its all in your head. And it might be. Selecting the most specific code for a craniotomy to evacuate a hematoma in CPT comes down to the documentation, the type of hematoma, where the hematoma is located, and the approach taken to treat it. Excess fluid is allowed to drain out of the brain if necessary. WebFIND ICD-10-PCS CODE: Preoperative Diagnosis: Left-sided subdural hematoma. The coder must refer to the Several diagnostic tests like computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans will be conducted to get a clear picture of the different parts of the brain, skull, veins and other blood vessels and to check for any specific signs of blood clotting. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. kU 5a.RL'Wttt4 In the Tabular, our correct code can be verified as: 61312, Craniectomy or craniotomy for evacuation of hematoma, supratentorial; extradural or subdural. Dont let complex medical billing and coding processes slow you down let us handle it for you! Test us for free with a no obligation free trial. CPT codes 61510 and 61518 report different types of tumors other than a meninigioma. The bone flap is then returned to its original location over the dura and closed with steel sutures. Nursing diagnosis for subdural hematoma. Enjoy a guided tour of FindACode's many features and tools. The main purpose of the meninges is to provide a cover and protect the brain. Can a craniotomy be used to remove a brain tumor? In this condition some times symptoms do not appear for weeks or months as well. Concept Map 2 by Meghan Dusha on Prezi. Death can also occur without immediate treatment if an artery in the brain is affected. Left frontal temporoparietal craniotomy and evacuation of subdural hematoma (HINT: one code) WebICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code S06. Required fields are marked *, document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a81940c45c5452816f539d9db8002e1c" );document.getElementById("db3b1e8987").setAttribute( "id", "comment" );Comment *. WebBackground: Acute subdural hematoma (SDH) is a major cause of morbidity after severe traumatic brain injury. Nursing Care Plans For Patient With Head Injury Essays a hypothetical nursing care plan for a patient that I been with an occipital hematoma. WebCraniotomy for evacuation of supratentorial subdural hematoma. Hired for her dental expertise, Amber brings a wealth of knowledge and understanding of the dental revenue cycle management (RCM) services to MOS. A special saw called a craniotome may be used to cut the bone. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 0 Treatment may require surgical drainage or a craniotomy. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code S21.1. 2002 2023. 5X0A is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. Instead, it is either permanently removed, or it is returned during a second surgery after the brain swelling goes down. Nursing diagnosis for subdural hematoma May 6th, 2018 - icd 10 code for follow up on lung nodules Oct 5 2010 Chronic subdural hematoma on the other hand, is caused by mild or repeated head injuries. Neurosurgery medical coding involves using the specific ICD-10 diagnosis codes for reporting subdural hematoma on the medical claims they submit to health insurers for reimbursement. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Having vaste experience in different scopes of Medical Billing and Coding as AR-Follow-up, Payment Posting, Charge posting, Coding, etc.

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