FAPAB Research Center Researchers have reconstructed the face of an ancient Egyptian. Near the main precinct of the god Amon at Karnak, he founded several new temples dedicated to Re-Harakhte, who was now provided with a lengthy epithet placed in two royal cartouches and was described as the light which is in the suns disk (aton). Moreover, the new god, Aton, was no longer portrayed in anthropomorphic form but as the suns disk itself, elevated to the heavens and extending its multiple rays down over the royal family. We decided to use skin tone IV (in the Fitzpatrick scale of I-VI) which is typically encountered in Egypt and in the Mediterranean, an olive completion. Terms of Use According to a newly published media report, scientists at the FAPAB Research Center (Sicily, Italy), have spent the last few months creating a novel facial reconstruction of the mysterious mummy, now skeletonized, from tomb KV 55 in the Valley of the Kings (Cairo Inv. Source: FAPAB Research Center. Fortunately for us history enthusiasts, in spite of such rigorous actions, some fragments of Nefertitis historical legacy survived through various extant portrayals, with the most famous one pertaining to her bust made by Thutmose in circa 1345 BC. If Smenkhkare is assumed to be the father of Tutankhamun, this is also problematic. Akhenaten (r. 1353-36/35 BC) is known as the 'heretic pharaoh' because he developed monotheism, worshipping the one 'true' god of Aten (the Sun disk). But does historicity really comply with these popular notions about the famous female Egyptian pharaoh, who had her roots in a Greek dynasty? If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. | Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. She is the Chief Editor of Ancient Origins Magazine. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. Ramesses II was also known as Ozymandias in Greek sources, with the first part of the moniker derived from Ramesses regnal name, Usermaatre Setepenre, meaning The Maat of Ra is powerful, Chosen of Ra. They then used a reconstruction technique known as the Manchester method to add facial muscles, eyes, fat deposits and skin. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Is it Tutankhamuns father Akhenaten? Akhenatens exclusive worship of the sun god Aton led early Egyptologists to claim that he created the worlds first monotheistic religion. Genetic testing has determined mummy KV 55 to be the genetic father of Tutankhamun, although in 2010 some of these genetic results were criticized by palaeomolecular experts. Historical and Egyptological research has attributed this skeleton to the heretic Pharaoh Akhenaten, the first monarch to develop monotheism, which was also a political move in order to strip the powerful priestly caste of its control over the land of the Nile. [F]acial muscles and ligaments [were] modeled on the skull model according to the rules of anatomy, FAPAB director and co-founder Francesco Galassi tells Live Science. The remnants of his mummy were re-discovered in 1904 and subsequently housed at the Egyptian Museum in Turin.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'realmofhistory_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_5',151,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-realmofhistory_com-medrectangle-4-0'); But in spite of such a regrettable fate of Nebiris mummy, it is modern forensic technology that has aided in reviving the physical attributes of his face, thus once again bringing back the Ancient Egyptian dignitary to the historical limelight. Nefertiti was a powerful queen who helped Akhenaten transform the Egyptian religious landscape. The researchers then went on to determine the gender of the mummy (head) by analyzing the bone structure of the specimen. The big issues have been identifying the KV55 mummy in ancient Egyptian history and combining its most probable identity with that persons proposed age of death. Researchers (from multiple faculties) at the University of Melbourne have combined avenues like medical research, forensic science, CT scanning, and Egyptology, to recreate the visage of Meritamun (beloved of the god Amun), an Ancient Egyptian woman who lived at least 2,000 years ago. Last Modified: 2023-04-21 00:51:43. The skin is placed on top of this, and the tissue thicknesses are average values that have been scientifically determined., The finished recreation depicts KV55 as a tan-skinned male with a prominent jaw and almond-shaped eyes. The earliest monuments of Amenhotep IV depict the traditional worship of deities executed according to the artistic style of the preceding reignwith the exception of a prominent role accorded to the falcon-headed god Re-Harakhte, who is given an unusual epithet containing the phrase who rejoices in his horizon, in his aspect of the light which is in the suns disk.. Per a statement, the team worked with Cicero Andr da Costa Moraes, an expert in 3-D facial reconstruction who most recently revealed the likenesses of two medieval Czech dukes, to generate the image. The resulting reconstruction was not favorable to the physical attributes of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh, with emerging details like a prominent overbite, slightly malformed hips, and even a club foot. Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription, A Pharaoh Thrice Buried? The study was based on data previously collected by the Brazilian expert Cicero Moraes. But beyond her beautiful face, the researchers with their reconstruction project are looking forth to uncover more clues from the Egyptians ancient life, ranging from her actual time period, and diet to even the diseases she contracted during her lifetime. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Akhenaten married the noblewoman Nefertiti about the time he became pharaoh, in 1353 BCE. The mummies of these daughters have not yet been identified, so Amenhotep III could also be the father (contrary to inscriptional propaganda). After he died, he was struck from the list of kings, mummified incorrectly, cartouches removed, and statues torn down . These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. (Video), When Faith and Power Clash: How Christianity Divided the Roman Empire (Video), Medieval Maverick: Roger Bacon's Quest for Knowledge and Truth, The Life and Times of Mansa Musa: The Richest Man in History, Fathoming the Ruins of Yanmen Shan Mountain and the Biggest Cut Rocks in the World, Sacred Treasure Hunt: In Pursuit of the Elusive Ark of the Covenant (Video). [1] It was modeled after the figure of Nefertiti, the queen of Akhenaten, who was the pharaoh at the time .At that time, the era of Akhenaten was a period of great turbulence in which the faith of Aten was introduced while denying the old religion . The male mummy from tomb 77 looks like Smenkhere and does not match Akhenaten. The pharaohs successors, including his son Tutankhamun, were mostly scathing about his reign, accusing him of heresy and eventually attempting to remove him from history entirely, wrote Peter Hessler for National Geographic in May 2017. His remains were found in 1907 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings in tomb KV 55, just a few feet from the tomb of Tutankhamen. Interestingly enough, back in 2016, researchers from the University of Bristol also came up with their recreation of an ancient Egyptian queen, but the project was based on the mummy of The Younger Lady the biological mother of Tutankhamun (and wife of Amenhotep IV), who was never proven to be Nefertiti herself. The scenes, reconstructed from thousands of individual talatat blocks, portray the royal couple and their eldest daughter, Meritaton, engaged primarily in making offerings to the Aton, although scenes of offering-bearers, cattle designated for slaughter, foreigners in obeisance, and detailed depictions of the royal palace are also abundant. on "Facial Reconstruction of 6 Ancient Egyptians You Should Know About", Facial Reconstruction of 6 Ancient Egyptians You Should Know About, Nebiri, an Egyptian Dignitary (circa 15th century BC), Nefertiti, Egyptian Queen (circa 14th century BC), Tutankhamun, an Egyptian Pharaoh (circa 14th century BC), Ramesses II, an Egyptian Pharaoh (circa 13th century BC), Meritamun, an Egyptian Noblewoman (possibly before circa 1st century BC), Cleopatra, Female Ruler of the Ptolemaic Dynasty (circa Ist century BC), Ancient Egyptian Medicine - History Learning Site, 10 Incredible Things You Should Know About the Sistine Chapel, Reconstruction of the Huarmey Queen who lived 1,200 years ago in coastal Peru, The face of the famed Mycenaean Griffin Warrior is reconstructed from his seal depiction, Renaissance: The Remarkable Revival of Europe, Reconstruction of Calpeia: A Gibraltar Woman Who Lived in circa 5400 BC, Archaeologists have possibly come across a pre-Roman Samnite theater in Pompeii, Large Gallo-Roman villa with preserved thermae discovered in Brittany, France, Remnants of an ancient Roman theater found beneath Jerusalems Western Wall, Listen to what English king Richard III sounded like, in a recreation by University of Leicester, Incredibly realistic graffiti of ships found on the walls of a biblical-era cistern in Israel, 6 automaton conceptions from history you should know about, 6 Of The Most Expensive Products From The Ancient World, Fascinating Oldest Historical Foods Still Eaten Today, Moors: The Fascinating Muslim Rulers Of Al-Andalus, Aristotle: The Remarkable Philosopher from Ancient Greece, Who Were The Ancient Sumerians? FAPAB Director Francesco M. Galassi, a physician and palaeopathologist, and Egyptological studies coordinator Michael E. Habicht oversaw the creation of the new facial reconstruction of the KV55 mummy, which was completed by the well-known Brazilian expert Cicero Moraes , who has been recognized for his skilled facial reconstructions. hee hee MJ, Cranial and Dental Metrics Link Predynastic and Dynastic Egyptians with Caucasians, Alicia McDermott holds degrees in Anthropology, Psychology, and International Development Studies and has worked in various fields such as education, anthropology, and tourism. Unlike previous facial reconstructions of KV 55, the new model omits hair, jewelry and other adornments, in order "to focus on the facial traits of this individual," according to the post. Early reign And the interesting part is the scientists only had access to Meritamuns mummified head, which on analysis alludes to how she met her demise at the young age of 18 to 25. Dr. Michael E. Habicht, who is also an Archaeologist, Egyptologist, and Senior Research Fellow at Flinders University, Australia, told us about the new facial reconstruction and the research teams perspectives on the mysteries surrounding mummy KV55. Egyptian hieroglyphs have layers of meaning. It required an objective evaluation using all available skeletal districts and a consultation of the recent anthropological literature. Could that be the face of Akhenaten, the Pharaoh credited for changing ancient Egyptian civilization by a short-lived artistic and cultural revolution? In my opinion, the shape of the face and skull are remarkably similar to a famous image of Tutankhamun as a child, where he is shown as the sun god at dawn rising from a lotus blossom. (FAPAB Research Center). Thetford Priory, Lost Resting Place of Henry VIIIs Illegitimate Son, Homo Naledi: A Mysterious Extinct Human Species (Video), The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, The Incredible Odyssey of Mankind: Ape to Human in a Million Years (Video). Well, the answer to that is more complex, especially considering the various parameters of history, including cultural inclinations, political propaganda, and downright misinterpretations. And please note that the following recreations are just educated hypotheses at the end of the day (like most historical reconstructions), with no definite evidence that establishes their complete accuracy when it comes to actual historicity. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Facial features were characterized by angular, slitted eyes, fleshy lips, nasolabial wrinkles, and holes for ear plugs, while the princesses are often each depicted with an inflated, egg-shaped cranium. If so, how does that information fit with the belief that his death occurred when he was around 40 years of age and this mummy being younger? The main problem was the a priori identification with Akhenaton plus the assumed age at death of the heretic pharaoh (about 30 years old or older). Today, only the bones remain. In the end, his bold experiment failed and. New York, These ranged from depicting her as one of the central figures in the worship of Aten to even representing her as a warrior elite riding the chariot (as presented inside the tomb of Meryre) and smiting her enemies. Ancient Black Nubians/Egyptians/Ethiopians/Somalians/Punt were the most purest of Black Africans during the time of their earthly existence.. An African world of all ancient Black people civilizations that spread knowledge to all the corners of the earth The Great Black race of people.. Black Truths matter, and not white lies.. The Controversial Lapedo Child A Neanderthal / Human Hybrid? and was the first king to introduce monotheism in Egypt. On the other hand, mummies from the Valley of the Kings have been identified only tentatively as Akhenaten (possibly KV55) and Nefertiti (maybe "Younger Lady," KV35YL). In the course of time, art became more moderate and elegant again ( the famous Berlin bust of Nefertiti is in this later tradition). The recent reconstruction of Nefertiti's face, based on the theory that the mysterious female mummy, called the Younger Lady, discovered in the tomb of King Amenhotep II is none other than the queen herself, has the world divided over the manner, form and color in which she is depicted. However, modern scholarship notes that Akhenatens cult drew from aspects of other godsparticularly re-Harakhte, Shu, and Maatin its imagining and worship of Aton. Guided by the relative smallness of the jaw (and its angle), along with the narrowness of the roof of the mouth, the team found out that they were dealing with an Ancient Egyptian female; later confirmed by anthropologist Professor Caroline Wilkinson, who is famous for heading the reconstruction of King Richard III. Archaeologists are constantly discovering new artifacts and learning more about this ancient To reconstruct the climate of ancient Egypt, Swiss scientists have resorted to an unexpected source - mummy labels. Updates? Photographer Bas Uterwijk has reconstructed the faces of Queen Nefertiti and Pharaoh Akhenaten and this is the result. History of the First Mesopotamians. However, this conclusion is also not without controversy, as genetic data for Egyptian mummies can be "complicated" by the fact that sibling incest was a common practice in royal dynasties, according to the statement. However, it should be noted that most of these reconstructions, while guided by empirical evidence, are based on educated appraisements, thereby presenting approximations of the facial structure of the individual. The pharaoh later erased the names of other gods from temples; the reason is unclear. Mystery of 'impossible' ancient Egyptian statue may be solved, 3,300-year-old ancient Egyptian tombs and chapel with 'amazing' decorations unearthed at Saqqara, Taxidermy birds are being turned into drones. The new temples were built entirely of relatively small blocks of sandstone of uniform size, known as talatat, apparently for speed in constructionan understandable convenience, considering the scale of the project. Egypt is a civilization that continues to fascinate, enlighten, and puzzle people to this day. For example, some of our Hollywood-inspired popular notions tend to project Cleopatra as the quintessential Egyptian queen of ancient times. Slightly raised, flat and smooth, these harmless bumps of various colors are hyperplastic epidermal lesions produced by papilloma viruses (HPV). Ask Your Mummy. The second female mummy found in the side chamber, referred to as 'the elder lady,' has been identified as the mummy of Queen Tiye, great royal wife of Amenhotep III, based on a matching lock of her hair found in Tutankhamun's tomb and recent DNA analysis. In addition, the enormous expanse of the exterior temple wall provided a stone canvas on which experiments in large-scale composition were undertaken. Although the tomb had been badly damaged over the centuries by floods that . He was around 26 years old when he died and possibly only 19 to 22 years old, whereas records suggest Akhenaten ruled for 17 years and fathered a daughter during the first year of his reign, Galassi said. Peter Dorman received his PhD. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Galassi and his team also relied upon notes, detailed measurements, photographs, and X-rays from prior examinations of the skeletal remains. Yet his short reign was important in the grander scheme of things since this era not only coincided with Egypts rise as a world power but also corresponded to the return of the realms religious system to the more traditional scope (as opposed to the radical changes made by Tutankhamuns father and predecessor Akhenaten the husband of Nefertiti). Unleashing the Fury of the Khopesh: A Look at Egypts Deadliest Weapon (Video). Archaeologists then suggested that the bones belonged to Smenkhkare, Akhenatens enigmatic younger brother. French Egyptologist Marc Gabolde, specialist in the Eighteenth Dynasty and the Amarna period, argues that the mummy known as the "Younger Lady" discovered almost a century ago, is actually the famous and much sought after Queen Nefertiti. Your Privacy Rights It would hardly be arguable that Akhenaten could be the real father of the eldest daughters (Meritaton, Maketaton and possibly also Anchesenamun). That Amenhotep IV was personally involved in these changes seems clear: the biographical text of one of the reigns master sculptors indicates that he was instructed by the king himself. This was then checked again against the images. Your email address will not be published. Scholars originally posited that the mummy belonged to Queen Tiye, mother of Akhenaten and grandmother of Tutankhamun. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Ever since mummy KV55 was discovered in 1907, it has generated deep interest, debate, and controversy. More info about personal data and data collection. This is what the ancient biographer had to say about the female pharaoh Her beauty was in itself not altogether incomparable, nor such as to strike those who saw her.Reconstruction byJohn Mendez. He then began dismantling the priesthood that served Egypt's pantheon of deities, in order to establish a monotheistic worship of Aten, according to The Ohio State University's Department of History. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akhenaten, Ancient Origins - Pharaoh Akhenaten: An Alternative View of the Heretic King, LiveScience - Akhenaten: Egyptian Pharaoh, Nefertiti's Husband, Tut's Father, Akhenaton - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Akhenaton - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Akhenaton and Nefertiti under the sun god Aton. Perhaps were awed by the A pre-Hispanic mummy of between 600 and 800 years old, was found inside the backpack of a delivery man from a delivery company in the Peruvian region of Puno, near Bolivia. Ludwig has taken a shot at recreating the facial features of the famed Queen Nefertiti with the aid of photoshop (presented above). We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Isis Davis-Marks (FAPAB Research Center). Medieval Hygiene Might Have Been Better Than You Think, The Macuahuitl: An Aztec Warriors Lethal and Sacred Weapon (Video), What Did Ancient Egypt Really Look Like? The heretic pharaoh Akhenaten. One. The newly renpvated Amarna room at the egyptian museum in Cairo. In a Facebook post, FAPAB wrote: "The work has focused on the reconstruction of the face of KV55, a now skeletonised mummy which over the years has been attributed by some to Pharaoh Akhenaton . These labels, which were affixed to the bodies of mummies during the Roman era, are Amidst the chaos of the Second World War in Western Europe, a French archaeologist named Pierre Montet unearthed a stunning treasure in 1940 in Tanis, Egypt. Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: Akhenaton, Akhnaton, Amenhotep IV, Amenophis IV, Ikhnaton. The bust with its bevy of intricate facial features favorably depicts the ancient Egyptian Queen Nefertiti, possibly at the age of 25. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Akhenaten. Miller's research, first conducted through her junior-year seminar, is applying new theories to the legacy of Akhenaten, who ruled Egypt from about 1353 to 1336 B.C. Interestingly enough, while his mummified remains were originally interred at the Valley of the Kings, they were later shifted to the mortuary complex at Deir el-Bahari (part of the Theban necropolis), so as to prevent the tomb from being looted by the ancient robbers. He was the first monarch to introduce monotheism to the kingdom, advocating for his subjects to solely worship Aten, an Egyptian sun god. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? It's a far cry from the child-murdering villain portrayed by Shakespeare and other writers. However, as opposed to Cleopatra, Nefertitis life and history are still shrouded in relative ambiguity, in spite of her living during one of the opulent periods of ancient Egypt. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. Face reconstruction of Queen Tiye (d. 1338 BC), mother of Akhenaten and grandmother of Tutankhamun, based on her Mummy at The National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Cairo. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The discovery of the mummy weakens the possibility of the mummy belonging to Akhenaten since he is said to have died in his mid-30s (Rose 2002, p. 26). A painting by Winifred Mabel Brunton also provides an estimation of the side profile of the Pharaoh at a slightly advanced age. Scientists used a reconstruction process called the Manchester method to bring KV 55's face into the present "from the shadows of history," said Francesco Galassi, director and co-founder of the FAPAB Research Center, an associate professor of archaeology at Flinders University in Australia, and an adjunct professor of forensic anthropology at the Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro in Calabria, Italy. Genetic analysis suggests that the man may have been Tutankhamuns father, Akhenaten, who reigned from 1353 to 1335 B.C., although the practice of incest among ancient Egypts royal dynasties could complicate scientists' understanding of this genetic data. To put things into context, Nebiri possibly died at the age of 45 to 60 and was buried in the Valley of the Queens (or Ta-Set-Neferu in Egyptian). KV55 is a tomb in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt.It was discovered by Edward R. Ayrton in 1907 while he was working in the Valley for Theodore M. Davis.It has long been speculated, as well as much disputed, that the body found in this tomb was that of the famous king, Akhenaten, who moved the capital to Akhetaten (modern-day Amarna).The results of genetic and other scientific tests published . The new facial reconstruction was created within a project under the direction of the FAPAB Director Francesco M. Galassi (physician and palaeopathologist) and Egyptological studies coordinator Michael E. Habicht (Egyptologist and mummy specialist). Visitors leaving the mummy exhibition area at the museum Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen. It is therefore not surprising that the family members of the royal family of Amarna look normal and not like in Amarna art. It is tempting to consider the KV55 mummy (Tutankhamun's father) alternatively as Smenkhare although this can be no more than conjecture on the basis of the available data. Copyright 2023 Archaeology Wiki | All Rights Reserved. 699 likes, 6 comments - Ancient Egyptian Jewellery by yasmin soliman (@ancientegyptianjewellery) on Instagram: "Mummy of Amenhotep III's Great Royal Wife, Queen . MH: It is indeed a highly debated topic but it should be assessed with an open mind, pushing away the racist connotations that have characterized this debate in the past. Phone: (+30) 210 32 28 705. His tomb contained thousands of artifacts, a sarcophagus containing his mummy, and a now-famous headdress.It took Carter and his team almost ten years to catalog the contents of the tomb. RealmofHistory(C)2019. Not so long ago, scientists presented their vision of Tutankhamun's appearance to the public. ( Public Domain ). Genetic analysis suggested that KV 55 was the son of Amenhotep III and the father of Tutankhamen, providing more evidence that he was Akhenaten, according to a study published in 2010 in the journal JAMA. Upon excavation, mummy KV55 disintegrated into dust and bones, so today its only a skeleton. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, Alicia McDermott: Please describe the process used to create this facial reconstruction. This has represented the main problem, but by objectively assessing the skeleton and published literature it appears clear that it belongs to a younger individual between the end of adolescence and early adulthood, 19-22 years). Credit: Bas Uterwijk "Nefertiti" is translated as "The Beautiful One Has Come" but the word "nefer" means more than just beauty. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. This tomb is just a few meters from Tutankhamuns tomb. On the other hand, the identity of Cleopatras grandmother and mother is still unknown to historians. One temple at Karnak shows only Nefertiti as the primary officiant before the Aton, sometimes accompanied by Meritatonan unprecedented privilege for a mere queen. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). It will be published in a peer-reviewed international journal. . Controversially enough, in 2014, King Tut once again went through what can be termed as a virtual autopsy, with a bevy of CT scans, genetic analysis, and over 2,000 digital scans. Mummy KV 55 (Cairo CG 61075) was found in 1907 and has triggered an ongoing research controversy ever since. House Altar depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Three of their Daughters, limestone, New Kingdom, Amarna period, 18th dynasty, c.1350 BCE (gyptisches Museum/Neues Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin) She was known for her intelligence, beauty, and powerful political acumen. Surname information is crowd-sourced; the Geni community would be grateful if you helped update this page with information about the Akhenaten surname. Therefore, this reconstruction has no Egyptian crowns or royal jewelry to distort the impression. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The pagan traditions associated with it have survived through the centuries, with many still A large Viking burial mound found on the island of Karmy off Norways western coast was long thought to be empty. It can also be translated as "goodness" and "perfection". Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website.

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