The induced NAb was highly specific to the original variant, however, cross-neutralization against the VOCs was also observed. p<0.05 and p<0.01 are indicated by * and **, respectively. Some tests provide results rapidly (within minutes); others require 1-3 days for processing. As the Omicron subvariant BA.4/5 is currently spreading worldwide, we have also assessed cross-neutralization and found that the NAb GMT measured by psVNT50 against BA.4/5 in homologous ChulaCov19 vaccination or heterologous boosted with ChulaCov19 groups were significantly better than either of the CoronaVac or AZD1222 homologous vaccination (Fig. : study conception and design, E.P., K.T., and C.K. Monovalent vs. bivalent vaccines Which is more effective against SARS-CoV-2? To obtain Bars represent the GMTs and 95% CI for each group. The most effective COVID-19 vaccines are mRNA-based and were first approved in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Europe. There were few limitations in this study. CoronaVac induces lower neutralising activity against variants of concern than natural infection. 1a). Vaccines (Basel) 9, (2021). Internet Explorer). It is notable that while all mice, except for one, dosed with 10-g and 1-g ChulaCov19 showed no detectable SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in tested tissues. By clicking "Allow All" you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, Lancet 396, 467478 (2020). ISSN 2041-1723 (online). c SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA copies with SD detected by RT-qPCR in serum and homogenized tissues of challenged animals analyzed at euthanasia date (Day 6). Nosoconseil, Aix les Bains, France, * E-mail: guillaume.penaranda@biogroup.fr. Secreted S protein was also subjected for analysis of its binding capability to hACE2. : data collection, A.T., A.J., K.R., K.P., T.P., M.R., D.W., and K.R. A threshold of 20% was used for positivity. Such unusual characteristics, in conjunction with a highly contagious profile, resulted in the rapid spreading of the virus worldwide. Bhavana Kunkalikar is a medical writer based in Goa, India. ];V^srE]DwCyTPre_fyG;Cb@*\d$ j '-|,!]jF/J9r\s%3! Characteristics like the number of bursts per electrode, their duration, frequency, and the number of spikes per burst according to the treatment condition were also quantified. A recent randomized efficacy trial of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine conducted in more than 8,500 patients in the United Kingdom, analyzed the antibody levels associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 [7]. Article 2c). However, the slightly higher level compared to the 30-g group was not statistically significant. Four antibody binding assays were used for serological testing according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Another important limitation is that samples were collected at any time after the last vaccine dose (median 5.2 months (3.16.4)); Swadzba et al. Zhang, L. et al. In just over 2 years into the pandemic, more than 10 variants of the virus have been reported, of which, 5 variants, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B1.1.529) have been categorized by WHO as variants of concern (VOCs)7. For intracellular analysis, cells were fixed, permeabilized with ice-cold acetone and stained with 1:200 dilution of monoclonal-anti-RBD (R&D Systems, MN, USA), polyclonal-anti-S1, -anti-S2 antibodies (Sino Biological, Beijing, China), or 1:5,000 dilution of pooled convalescent serum (PCS) collected in 2020. Moreover, the feasibility of large-scale production as well as rapid adaptability to new variants are major advantages of the mRNA production platform. T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 can be indirectly tested with antigen tests (such as Elispot) that tests for cytokines produced (i.e. Patrick Philibert, When considering specific optimal cutoffs, agreement between each antibody binding assay and Genscript sVNT increased consistently from 0.03 units for the Siemens assay to 0.25 units for the Beckman assay (kappa = 0.79 and 0.77, respectively). between patient and physician/doctor and the medical advice they may provide. The slides were dehydrated in 60C dry oven until completely dry and then dipped in Xylene before mounting with a mounting medium. Vero E6 and HEK293T-hACE-2 were grown in Eagles minimum essential medium (EMEM) and Dulbeccos Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), respectively supplemented with 5-10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (HIFBS), 1% L-glutamine, 1% Pen/Strep, 40g/ml gentamicin and 0.25g/ml fungizone (all were from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 352 oC with 5% CO2. This finding implied that ChulaCov19 is highly immunogenic against WT (Wuhan-Hu1) strain. However, this was still far lower than using homologous ChulaCov19 or AZD1222-prime/ChulaCov19-boost immunization regimens (Fig. Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials. This study was performed on data retrieved from 69 individuals, who received at least one dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (Spikevax) at the Alphabio Laboratory in Marseille, France (European Hospital, AlphabioBiogroup). Is there an association between the consumption of ultra-processed food and adverse microbiota-gut-brain axis implications? Detailed amino sequence was shown in Supplementary File1. Citation: Halfon P, Jordana S, Blachier S, Cartlamy P, Kbaier L, Psomas CK, et al. \1;nJ/mjJ=DqXlU,u>z}x)tU#K>/#}idN"%W$YoSA14Ys5+VlE5-3a+`h"xD%5n#L$\g%[&0Gy-x;a>$'+6#am#WK>nxW|^E~YS t4G2G9V$Mf=E5y? SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in serum and tissue samples were quantitated using quantitative RT-PCR. This implies that ChulaCov19 could induce a long-lasting NAb, at least until 15 weeks postimmunization especially against WT (Wuhan-Hu1) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants. Nonreactive (Negative, <50.0 AU/mL) results do not rule out SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in those who have recently been in contact with the virus. At week 5, mice were challenged intranasally with 2104 pfu of WT SARS-CoV-2. The nonparametric KruskalWallis test for multiple comparisons was used to compare all assays. The outcome strongly suggests that the RBD itself is sufficient to suppress surge activities. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Agreement between antibody binding assays and Genscript sVNT positive and negative results according to optimal cutoff values determined for each assay. Frdrique Retornaz, JAMA Netw Open 4, e2137257 (2021). Kunkalikar, Bhavana. . 4c). 6b). Experiment 2: a prime/boost regimen of 5g of ChulaCov19 and 1/10 of human dosage of approved vaccines available during the study period, including viral-vectored (ChAdOx1; AZD1222, Lot A10062, Nonthaburi, Thailand) and inactivated (CoronaVac, Lot C202105081, Beijing, China) vaccines. In the present study, researchers quantified the neurological phenotypes induced in neurons by the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. More importantly, according to the mechanism demonstrated by Derby M, et al., high avidity T cells could recognize and clear virus-infected cells more rapidly than low avidity T cells as it requires a small amount of viral antigen. The information of SARS-CoV-2 isolates including, wild-type (Wuhan-Hu1), Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants for micro-VNT50 assay performed at the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Mahidol University was described previously56,57. For the homologous prime/boost, ChulaCov19 showed 3- to 10.6-fold higher NAb levels compared to 2-dose immunization of CoronaVac or AZD1222 across all variants WT (Wuhan-Hu1), Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2), as measured by micro-VNT50 (Fig. Of note, at week 5, all vaccinated mice at the 10 g dose, and 5 of 6 mice at 1 g dose elicited SARS-CoV-2 specific serum IgA (supplementary FigureS1a and S1b). Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Optimal cutoffs for distinguishing positivity were calculated using logistic regression on Genscript sVNT binary results (negative/positive), prior to the Youden index maximization approach on receiver operating characteristic curve results. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Today, hundreds of commercial antibody tests are on the market despite often lacking proper validation and with unsatisfactory sensitivity and/or specificity. The purified mRNA-S (ChulaCov19) with undetectable endotoxin was tested for protein expression in VERO E6 cells. Int J Infect Dis 114, 252260 (2022). Some must be performed in a laboratory by trained personnel, some can be performed at the point of care, and others can be . Prevention CfDCa. ~N6R}q71m*:H^J6n1i2bcPh)\R ^Zei%|kz1>85k7^T\Lt)h\=-an}mr^yU+HNGlcE'&ps4toE4/f_=3A>o'9p:4ZUI1s+QtSIwu,\\Uv+QG Pm2+T`2T\y/3^?8UlVshDEY/qo_F%3^>D?lq2g R61sbWP}O3,p?K|3Tx=RdR'_/KzVFS j\h1s1vdzV|:p The Abbott AdviseDx SARS-CoV-2 IgG II immunoassay detects antibodies to the viral spike protein (S). Monoclonal anti-RBD (1:2,500), polyclonal-anti-S1 (1:5,000), -anti-S2 (1:5,000) or PSC (1:5,000) were used for detection of S protein in this step. Google Scholar. Study: SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Reduces Burst Activities in Neurons Measured by Micro-Electrode Arrays. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Post-translational modifications were also similar to those observed on SARS-CoV-241. CAS Results were expressed as spot-forming cells (SFCs)/106 splenocytes after subtraction of the spots from negative control wells. Vaccination status was complete among 61 patients (88%). Google Scholar. Experiment 1: dose-response of homologous ChulaCov19 prime/boost study, mice were immunized twice intramuscularly at 3 weeks interval of ChulaCov19 with dosage ranging from 0.2, 1, 10, to 30g. . The titers were determined in duplicate assays from control (n=5) or vaccinated groups (n=6), respectively. demonstrated that only Th2-dominant but not Th1/Th2 balanced response enhanced lung pathology in adjuvanted recombinant RSV immunized mice45. Koonpaew, S. et al. Thus, most recently approved vaccines employ full-length S (with or without modification) or whole virus (inactivated) as a target antigen19. World Health Organization. Antibody escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 from vaccine and BA.1 serum. Experiments were repeated two times independently with similar results. Although the currently available vaccines do not completely prevent infection, they are efficacious in reducing severe symptoms of infected individuals11. 5b). We use cookies to enhance your experience. Seventeen female K18-hACE2 mice (B6.Cg-Tg(K18-hACE2)2Prlmn/J), 7 weeks old (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA) were randomly divided into 3 groups. N Engl J Med 383, 24392450 (2020). Comparison of antibody responses following natural infection with Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Ann Intern Med 174, 286287 (2021). Laurent Chiche, Lancet Infect Dis 21, 13521354 (2021). Mean spike-specific IFN- positive T cells for 0.2, 1, 10 and 30g were 166, 429, 1913, and 1378 SFC/106 splenocytes, respectively. Kunkalikar, Bhavana. The micro-VNT50 titers was calculated as the reciprocal serum dilution that neutralized 50% of virus observed in virus control wells using probit analysis, SPSS program71. (2023, April 27). Briefly, 100ng/well of RBD recombinant proteins (Abcam, UK) were coated overnight to the 96-well plates. Animals were immunized IM with 1g or 10g of ChulaCov19 at weeks 0 and 3. Centrifuge GOLD SST tube and route to Eastlake Virology (EVIR rack 81). The signal was amplified using a specific set of amplifiers (AMP1-6) as recommended by the manufacturer and was detected using a Fast Red solution for 5min at room temperature. 4b). Few studies have highlighted the lack of standardization of SARS-CoV-2 serology, despite the use of the international standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin levels (BAU/ml) [1013]. A. van Doremalen, N. et al. By 18th August 2022, almost 600 million confirmed cases were caused by multiple VOCs and almost 6.5 million deaths were reported9. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Recombinant S protein with S1/S2 cleavage site abolished (ACROBioSystems, China) was used as positive control both in HEK293T-hACE-2 binding assay and western blot. In the clinical setting, >8 weeks interval for AZD1222 was recommended to maximize the vaccine efficacy52. The investigators strictly adhered to the principles and guidelines of the Institute of Animals for Scientific Purposes Development, National Research Council of Thailand. The results revealed that the NAb against WT (Wuhan-Hu1) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants were still detectable in all mice (5/5) but 4/5 mice for Omicron BA.1 and BA.4/5. For western blot analysis, cell culture supernatant was analyzed by 12% polyacrylamide gel then transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane. Safety and Immunogenicity of ChulaCov19 BNA159 mRNA Vaccine.). You should not interpret the results of this test as an indication or degree of immunity or All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. While most serologic assays are qualitative, a quantitative serologic . If testing will be delayed more than 7 days store at -20C or colder. The new semi-quantitative testing service is the latest addition to the company's existing menu of COVID-19 qualitative IgG and IgG/IgM test services. SARS-CoV-2 delta variant infection in domestic dogs and cats, Thailand. Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology assay is intended for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma. To detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA localization in mouse tissues samples, FFPE tissues of lung and nasal cavity were performed by using RNAscope In situ hybridization (ISH) assay. A subgroup analysis was performed according to vaccination status (complete or incomplete). The team then performed a rescue experiment to ascertain if this neuronal phenotype is reversible. 4b). Experiment 3: e psVNT50 NAb against WT (Wuhan-Hu1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (BA.1 and BA.4/5) variants for NAb durability and effect of 3rd dose of ChulaCov19 studies. Ferrara, F. & Temperton, N. Pseudotype Neutralization Assays: From Laboratory Bench to Data Analysis. The reactions were then stopped with 50L of 0.16N sulfuric acid. Nat Commun 13, 4610 (2022). The particles were re-characterized at 6- and 12-month after manufacture for stability assessment. The optimal cutoff was analyzed for each antibody binding assay (Table 3). HEK293T-hACE-2 cells, prepared by transduction of HEK293T cell line with lentiviral habouring hACE-2 gene, used for hACE-2 binding assay was gratefully provided by Dr.Navapon Techakriengkrai55. Tissues were collected at week 5+6 days for assessment of viral RNA. Protection of K18-hACE2 mice and ferrets against SARS-CoV-2 challenge by a single-dose mucosal immunization with a parainfluenza virus 5-based COVID-19 vaccine. LMICs received these vaccines much later and in shorter supply, as evidenced by the most recent statistic (as of 31 August 2022) that in several African countries less than 30% of the population has received at least one vaccine dose20. This is a surrogate marker indicative of vaccine effectiveness, or the sterilizing immunity as reported in the previous study27. Two approved mRNA vaccines, ComirnatyTM by Pfizer/BioNTech and SpikevaxTM by Moderna, comprise 2 proline substitutions at residues 986 and 987 of the S-protein (known as S-2P) to stabilize the prefusion conformational structure. Chlo Stavris, "a97YEy111JlM7qqK;R]fr{g8 E]P7t iEx-m11tSmxsE,GE+hU#a=z1{/_vH}Nu&SENP_.*$ RL!DrojWs|[`}5C6nP,(n ,s-Km41vm8c/U3$@X3hUIwBge2Q{`4>4PQqo8"v3&v`wDXs%| 9>^8%|76sY6s$7PqI1QmO etbrr>$UmKd=UW-]Kd cg?q{`#*CM4\M6eKP2;:)U@(W$=u:{[9[S\2+wfynJ,%fd(~)qK5 Quantitative data were reported using median and interquartile range (IQR), and qualitative data were reported using frequency and percentage. Zhang, N. N. et al. & Berzofsky, J. Your Spike Protein Antibody results will be reported as a reference range: >/= 0.80 U/mL: This is a positive result for anti-SARS CoV-2S. All samples were collected at the Alphabio Laboratory in Marseille, France (European Hospital, AlphabioBiogroup). Protein OCLN found to play crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 cell-to-cell transmission, Study reveals survival time of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: Implications for public health, The BCG vaccine does not decrease the risk of COVID-19 in healthcare workers. Additional group (Experiment 3) immunized with 5g of ChulaCov19 was included for evaluation of NAb durability as measured at week 18 (15 weeks after received the 2nd dose) and the boosting effect of 3rd ChulaCov19 dose administered at week 20. https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/cosv_-_recommandations_pour_la_protection_des_personnes_severement_immunodeprimees_-_19_novembre_2021.pdf, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/WHO-BS-2020.2403, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. "Neurological phenotypes induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in neurons". Lysis solution was added for 1h at RT before measuring OD at 540nm. Tight junction protein occludin is an internalization factor for SARS CAS a Experiment 1: mice were immunized twice intramuscularly (IM) with a 3-week interval with various dosages of ChulaCov19 at 0.2, 1, 10 and 30g. These common antibody tests use purified proteins of SARS-CoV-2 (not a live virus) to detect the presence of binding antibodies that attach to a virus, per the CDC. Buschmann, M. D. et al. The objective of the present study was to establish a new optimal threshold of protection for four different SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays [14]. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Sci Transl Med 14, eabm3302 (2022). The Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG II assay, run under an emergency use authorization from the FDA, is quantitative test designed to detect IgG antibodies to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in serum and plasma from individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or prior infection. World Health Organization. Among the 1g group, only one tissue had very few positive cells, the nasal epithelium. This demonstrated the significant protective efficacy of ChulaCov19 in the preclinical phase. By using immunofluorescent assay, employing RBD-, S1-, S2-specific antibodies or PCS, the S proteins were observed within the cytoplasm of transfected cells while untransfected cells were negative for fluorescent signal (Fig. Higher doses induce better cross-NAb against Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (BA.1 and BA.4/5) variants. Splenocytes from mice immunized with various dosages of ChulaCov19 (Experiment 1) were analyzed as summed frequency of S-specific IFN- positive T cells (Fig. S1 neutralized by antibodies did not result in a significant decrease in burst activity compared to the control, whereas the conventional S1 treatment on day zero did reduce burst activity. World Health Organization. In the case of Omicron variants, psVNT50 NAb GMT results against Omicron BA.1 and BA.4/5 subvariants showed that the heterologous prime/boost regimen was more efficient (84-172 folds increase) in inducing NAb against BA.1 and BA.4/5 subvariants compared to homologous CoronaVac or AZD1222 immunization. PLoS One 16, e0249090 (2021). broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. More info. Moreover, the tissue slides were examined unblind. In each experiment, 3 internal controls (No Template Control (NTC), Negative Extraction Control (NEC) and Positive Extraction Control (PEC)) and 6 in vitro transcribed RNA standards were run along with test samples in each experiment. Google Scholar. Mice sera were further analyzed for NAb by psVNT50 test against the important recent VOCs, including Delta (B.1.617.2) variant and Omicron (BA.1 and BA.4/5) variants, and titers significantly decreased for all VOCs. Science 368, 489493 (2020). Differences were considered significant at p<0.05 with exact p-values shown. n=5 per group for Experiment 1, 2 and 3. b Challenge study in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, n=6 in vaccinated groups and n=5 in control (PBS-receiving) group. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Laboratoire BioestrelBiogroup, Mouans-Sartoux, France, Affiliation: 4e). 7, eabi5246 (2021). On Day 5, significant weight reduction (p<0.05) was observed in control group when compared with the vaccinated groups. In Experiment 3, the durability of NAb induced by ChulaCov19 was monitored until week 18 (15 weeks after the 2nd dose). In the same study, two doses of AZD1222 could protect rhesus macaque form viral challenge. Baden, L. R. et al. Lancet Microbe 2, e13e22 (2021). & Liu, J. Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a systematic review. All patients had received at least one dose of either Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (Spikevax): 60 patients received Pfizer vaccine (87%) and 9 received Moderna vaccine (13%). The positive cut-off was the subtracted OD450+3SD. It also can show how your body reacted to COVID-19 vaccines. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Neurological phenotypes induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in neurons. Available from: https://www.who.int/initiatives/the-mrna-vaccine-technology-transfer-hub (2022). CK, EP and KR were funded by the National Vaccine Institute (NVI), grant No. Another limitation was the lack of an external cohort to validate the suggested thresholds. The results of available anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody tests may be interpreted in the following way: In a person never vaccinated: Testing positive for antibody against N (nucleocapsid protein), S (spike protein), or RBD (receptor-binding domain of S protein) indicates prior infection. The National Library of Medicine is running a pilotto include preprints that result from research funded by NIH in PMC and PubMed. 5a). Together with the emergence of new VOCs, a booster dose (either homologous or heterologous vaccine modality) is required to enhance the vaccine effectiveness15. Guillaume Penaranda S-specific total IgG analyzed at week 2 revealed that all ChulaCov19-immunized mice, either with 1 or 2 doses, elicited anti-S-specific IgG response from the lowest dose of 0.2g with a dose-dependent response pattern. The assay is an electrochemiluminescent. DNA Vaccine Administered by Cationic Lipoplexes or by In Vivo Electroporation Induces Comparable Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Mice. Copyright and Disclaimer, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, COVID-19 Testing Frequently Asked Questions For Patients, Frequently Asked Questions About COVID-19 Testing for Providers & Clients. Similar with the previous study, low level of viral RNA occasionally detected in survived mice was also reported by studies that used K18-hACE2 as a model28. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Reduces Burst Activities in Neurons Measured by Micro-Electrode Arrays, Omicron spike N679K mutation acts as a loss-of-function mutation attenuating SARS-CoV-2 in vitro & in vivo, The virological characteristics of XBB.1.16. Negative test results do not rule out the possibility of an infection with SARS-CoV-2. PubMed SARS CoV 2 Spike Antibody, IgG The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in a changing landscape of COVID-19 epidemiology and vaccination: interim guidance, 1 October 2022: second addendum to Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness: interim guidance. For example, for 10g dose group, the GMTs of psVNT50 for Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (BA.1) variants decreased 5.9 and 14.3 folds when compared against WT (Wuhan-Hu1) strain, respectively (Fig. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine encoding secreted non-stabilized spike in female mice. In the lung, inflammation was limited to predominantly peribronchiolar proliferation of mononuclear cells, akin to an expansion of cellularity among bronchiolar lymphoid tissue but without notable follicle formation. ACS Cent Sci 7, 594602 (2021). 9, 1225 (2020). Science 377, 890894 (2022). All data were fully anonymized before the analysis. Nat Commun 12, 372 (2021). James Heyes, A. J., Kieu Mong, L. A. M., Alan, D. MARTIN. Spin within 24 hours and prior to shipment. Experiment 2: heterologous prime-boost study, mice were primed with 1/10 of the approved human dosage of CoronaVac or AZD1222 and boosted 4 weeks later with 5g of ChulaCov19. Labcorp offers both semi-quantitative and qualitative options for testing for spike protein antibodies. The authors would like to thanks Dr.Navapon Techakriengkrai, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University for providing HEK293T-hACE-2 cells. Cell 182, 5058.e58 (2020). 3b). All assays showed a high AUC for prediction of positive and negative results of Genscript sVNT (AUC > 0.90 for all) (Fig 2). For SARS-CoV-2, tests to neutralize live viruses are performed only in specialized laboratories and are not standardized, making it difficult to compare and justify the use of a well-characterized sVNT as a functional reference [24,25].Additionally, neutralizing antibodies were not investigated, which could have helped in determining whether the anti-RBD or the anti-spike assays had the strongest correlation with virus neutralization. Therefore, during the surge of Omicron globally, there is a need of a boosting dose even with a first-generation vaccine or ideally with a second-generation vaccine such as a bivalent immunogen containing or encoding of Omicrons spike protein49,50. The program is funded by the Government of Thailand. Lv, J., Wu, H., Xu, J. However, harmonization of neutralizing antibody titers is necessary to determine a common threshold using which vaccine protection can be predicted. ChulaCov19 vaccination could provide 100% protection from severe clinical signs and mortality in mice. Using western blot, the S protein could be detected in cell culture supernatant when using anti-RBD, -S1, -S2 and PCS as primary antibodies. Sci Rep 12, 8403 (2022). Watanabe, Y. et al. There is also a limitation regarding the two semi-quantitative antibody binding assays as a saturation limit could be reached because of their limited measurement range. Article This is consistent with a previous report46. In-depth investigation of viral burden in different tissues as well as T cells quality induced by various vaccine dosages are still required. Hence, in this study, although the NAb was displayed in a dose-dependent fashion, in-depth analysis of T cell quality induced by different vaccine dosage is also needed to investigate the controversy of viremia after challenge. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Kappa increased to 0.76 for the Abbott assay (0.04 units increase) and to 0.71 for the Roche assay (0.19-unit increase). Cell nuclei were counter stained with 4, 6-diamino-2-phenylindole hydrochloride (DAPI) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Hirabara, S. M. et al. Within the brain, ACE2 is predominantly expressed in the brain stem and regions whose primary function is to regulate blood pressure and cardiovascular function. 4d). For example, the micro-VNT50 GMT against WT (Wuhan-Hu1) in the AZD1222-prime/ChulaCov19-boost group was 7-fold higher than 2-dose AZD1222 immunization (GMT of micro-VNT50 were 31,042 vs 4457, p=0.0079). They were widely available in these countries for approximately a year before being accessible on other continents. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the world has raced to understand and accurately diagnose infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. S-specific IFN- positive T cells were determined in duplicate assays from 5 mice in each group. Vaccine inequity issue remains a major global challenge. Real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines: a literature review and meta-analysis.

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