- Joe. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Acetaminophen is more polar than phenacetin - it has an OH that can H bond. Since the mobile phase is an important factor, it is possible to change the \(R_f\) of a compound by changing the polarity of the mobile phase. However, caffeine has been found to be more polar than aspirin, according to an article published in the journal Chemical Science. Both diethyl ether and benzene at first glance appear to be poor choices for extraction because caffeine is more soluble in water than in either solvent (if a gram of caffeine dissolves in \(46 \: \text{mL}\) water, but \(100 \: \text{mL}\) of benzene, caffeine is more soluble in water). Aspirin contains one carboxylic and one ester group. What are the qualities of an accurate map? However, it is still slightly polar because of the carboxyl group. It is used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation. In the previous section, solubility data was used to estimate the partition coefficient \(K\), and it was found to be 4.07. Yes, caffeine is more polar than paracetamol. Polarity of Acetaminophen, Aspirin Caffeine Ibuprofen. paracetamol is soluble in 30 to 100 ml of water. This happens when the electron-sharing isnt equal between atoms. After solving the algebra, \(x = 0.05 \: \text{g}\). Diethyl ether has a density less than \(1 \: \text{g/mL}\), so is the top organic layer in the funnel. Accept The \(K\)'s calculated using molarity and solubility values are not identical since different equilibria are involved. Eat protein-rich foods for breakfast. This is the best answer based on feedback and ratings. Which is more polar paracetamol or caffeine? 5 Ways To Increase Energy Without Caffeine, According To A Nutritionist: The possible health risks posed by caffeine do not mean you have to give up your coffee or tea completely. No single molecule is entirely nonpolar or entirely polar. As a result, the more polar a molecule is attracted to the mobile phase, it will travel through the column faster and thus have a shorter retention time. This will give those atoms a slightly negative charge while giving the Carbon a positive charge. Is Ibuprofen Polar Or Non-Polar Ibuprofen, also known as Motrin or Advil, is a medication used to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever. WAIT A MINUTE, Yes, caffeine is more polar than paracetamol. would you think i would score marks if i commented on the crystalline structure of caffeine, and that it had the lowest Rf because of it's strong intramolecular forces (which disallowed it to form many from the solvent)? We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. However, the chromatogram shows that caffeine has a longer retention time than acetaminophen?? Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Welcome, Guest. As before, we can assign the quantity of hyoscyamine extracted into the diethyl ether the value "\(x\)", which would leave "\(0.50 \: \text{g} - x\)" remaining in the aqueous layer of the first extraction. Therefore it probably wouldn't indicate the most polar substance. 4.5: Extraction Theory - Chemistry LibreTexts Acetaminophen is less polar because it has fewer electronegative atoms. Rather, it is important to rely on other practices to keep yourself energised. In TLC, caffeine has the lowest Rf value when the stationary phase is silica and CaSO4, and the mobile phase is Butyl Ethanoate and Trichloroethane. Benefits You Can Enjoy. This means that the mobile phase = polar and the stationary phase = non-polar. Caffeine bear guzzles nearly 70 cans of soda, stops short when he tries It is determined by the magnitude of the electric charge on the molecule and the distance between the charges. This is because they have more electronegative atoms in their molecules. Everyone knows thatcaffeine is an effectivestimulant. The active ingredient in aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid. Conclusion Aspirin and acetaminophen are two common pain relievers. Which is More Polar Aspirin Or Caffeine Or Acetaminophen? What should you expect from a 4th grader? This page titled 4.5: Extraction Theory is shared under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Lisa Nichols via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Yes, paracetamol is polar. Given the "like dissolves like rule" a more polar substance will be attracted to the polar solvent. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. Relate the strenght of each compounds polarity to its chemical structure. etween molecules you have London forces. Is Acetaminophen More Polar Than Aspirin - knowhowcommunity.org (Not sure about right forum for this question, so if it's wrong one, I'm sorry). \(^3\)From: The Merck Index, 12\(^\text{th}\) edition, Merck Research Laboratories, 1996. { "2.3A:_Overview_of_TLC" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.3B:_Uses_of_TLC" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.3C:_The_Retention_Factor" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.3D:_Separation_Theory" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.3E:_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Thin_Layer_Chromatography" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.3F:_Visualizing_TLC_Plates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "2.01:_Prelude_to_Chromatography" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.02:_Chromatography_Generalities" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.03:_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.04:_Column_Chromatography" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.05:_Gas_Chromatography_(GC)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "authorname:nicholsl", "TLC", "Separation Theory", "eluent", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncnd", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://organiclabtechniques.weebly.com/" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FOrganic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)%2F02%253A_Chromatography%2F2.03%253A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)%2F2.3D%253A_Separation_Theory, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 2.3E: Step-by-Step Procedures for Thin Layer Chromatography, source@https://organiclabtechniques.weebly.com/, It depends on the strength of intermolecular forces between the sample and the, It depends on the strength of interaction between the sample and the. Of the \(0.50 \: \text{g}\) of hyoscyamine in the original aqueous layer, \(92\%\) of the material is extracted into the organic layer \(\left( 100\% \times 0.46 \: \text{g}/0.50 \: \text{g} \right)\). Silica gel (shown in Figure 2.16) is composed of a network of silicon-oxygen bonds, with \(\ce{O-H}\) bonds on its surface, as well as a layer of water molecules. Paracetamol (or acetaminophen) is very soluble in methanol and ethanol and other slightly polar solvent. When an aqueous solution is extracted with an organic solvent that is denser than water (for example dichloromethane, \(\ce{CH_2Cl_2}\)), the only procedural difference is that there is no need to ever drain the aqueous layer from the separatory funnel. What are the duties of a sanitary prefect in a school? Compound Source: synthetic Microsource [01500101] Bio Activity: Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Electronegativity can vary between different molecules and even within other bonds of the same molecule. Phenacetin, a painkiller, was the world's first synthetic pharmaceutical drug. The first plate was run using a 6:1 hexane:ethyl acetate mixture, which means the solvent was created by using 6 volumes of hexane for every 1 volume of ethyl acetate. It also has a pair of delocalized electrons. Caffeine is completely absorbed by the intestinal tract (ie, its bioavailability is 100%) [] and it is highly soluble in water as well as a range of non-polar organic solvents [].When administered orally, caffeine takes 30-120 min to reach maximum plasma concentration, although food can slow the absorption process [].Caffeine crosses both the blood-brain and placental barriers [] and it is . Depending on the partition coefficient for a compound in a solvent, a single extraction may be all that is needed to effectively extract a compound. Since caffeine is more polar than aspirin, it should float on top of your mixture. What is the RF value of caffeine? - TipsFolder.com It's also less costly than the average pack of cigarettes, which can run you more than $10 in New York City, according to . to form a hydrogen bond. While both drugs are effective at treating pain and inflammation, naproxen is more polar than aspirin. So based on this alone, Paracetamol is more polar than caffeine. Polar..Non-polarcaffeineaspirin.. Acetaminophen, Aspirin Caffeine Ibuprofen all have polar covalent bonds. Drinking Tea for Children: What Are the Benefits? - WebMD What is wrong with reporter Susan Raff's arm on WFSB news? To demonstrate the effect of structural features on \(R_f\), an eluted TLC plate of benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and ethylbenzene is shown in Figure 2.18. It has more and stronger interactions than paracetamol ( ibuprofen ). I'm struggling to work out which ones are polar and which are non-polar, and why they adsorb and desorb the way they do. This means that it can interact with more molecules in the body, and its effects are felt more quickly. This force is quite weak, but increases with the size of the molecul. They used computer simulations to compare the molecules of caffeine and aspirin. Your contributions are appreciated and we will be leaving the forum in archive mode for posterity. This difference makes caffeine more polar than aspirin. Caffeine also dissolves better in alcohol than aspirin does, although many people dont realize alcohol is a polar solvent and water! When the reaction is complete the paracetamol is then isolated and purified. This quantity can be approximated using the solubility data. Using \(K\), the calculation is identical to the previous discussion, differing only in the smaller volume of the organic layer (\(50 \: \text{mL}\) instead of \(150 \: \text{mL}\)). Note that in Figure 2.21c all spots maintained their relative order but traveled to a greater height on the plate and increased their \(R_f\) values (Table 2.2) in the more polar eluent. Instead of using one \(150 \: \text{mL}\) portion, let's instead split the solvent into three \(50 \: \text{mL}\) portions of diethyl ether. In a multiple extraction procedure, a quantity of solvent is used to extract one layer (often the aqueous layer) multiple times in succession. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Paracetamol is consistent of the following elements: Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen (C8H9NO2) Paracetamol is a Polar Molecule because it has no lines of symmetry and not all of the arrows cross out. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. CHEM 2411 Final Exam Review Flashcards | Quizlet Please login to system to use all resources. Solubility data for caffeine is shown in Table 4.2. An increase in solvent polarity increases \(R_f\) values for two reasons: This page titled 2.3D: Separation Theory is shared under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Lisa Nichols via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Become a member. Learn how to identify caffeine overdose symptoms so you can keep people safe. Chemical Forums: HPLC Caffeine and Paracetamol - Can't figure out why Which is the more polar and why? In addition to determining whether a substance is polar or nonpolar, we can also measure how much polarity it has. Actual partition coefficients are experimental, but can be estimated by using solubility data. Math Forum for Students, Teachers, Engineers, Scientists - High School Math, University Math, Computer Science, Engineering, Economics, Physics, Chemistry, STEM. Caffeine is also more soluble in fats and oils than ibuprofen. 2. Ibuprofen is the least polar because of the large alkyl group coming off of the benzenering. dipole moment I don't know. So based on this alone, Paracetamol is more polar than caffeine. Peak 1 (paracetamol) with retention time 5.84 min, peak 2 (phenacetin) with retention time 7.5 min and peak 3 (caffeine) with retention time 9.1 min. What is Walmart Rollback? You are using an out of date browser. It can increase alertness and energy levels, as well as improve mood. This is because the ibuprofen molecule has a higher dipole moment than the caffeine molecule. As eluent flows over the sample (Figure 2.16b), an equilibrium is established between the sample being adsorbed on the stationary phase and dissolved in the mobile phase. Or else because water is polar as well and the caffeine would be attracted to the mobile phase AND the stationary phase?? Did Billy Graham speak to Marilyn Monroe about Jesus? Its chemical formula is C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 Caffeine is most commonly used to improve mental alertness, but it has many other uses. However, ibuprofen is more polar than aspirin, meaning that it has a stronger affinity for interacting with other molecules. Aspirin is less polar than caffeine and acetaminophen because of the ether, but it is more polar than ibuprofen. The stronger IMF's possible with the stationary phase (often the more polar functional groups on a compound), the more time the compound will be stationary \(\rightarrow\) lower \(R_f\). Equal chances for win for players with different values. The partitioning of the compound between the two layers caused the sample to be incompletely extracted. Figure 4.12: Caffeine. But if you look closely at these carbon atoms, youll see that they differ slightly between caffeine and aspirin: All three carbons share electrons equally in an aspirin molecule. Polar molecules typically have one or more highly electronegative atoms surrounded by electron-rich regions. Polarity, in chemistry, refers to the distribution of electric charge around an atom or molecule. The partition coefficient \(K\) is the ratio of the compound's concentration in the organic layer compared to the aqueous layer. \[4.07 = \dfrac{\left( \dfrac{x}{150 \: \text{mL ether}} \right)}{\left( \dfrac{0.50 \: \text{g} - x}{150 \: \text{mL water}} \right)}\]. Do Eric benet and Lisa bonet have a child together? Is Caffeine More Polar Than Aspirin - knowhowcommunity.org They found that caffeine has a higher dipole moment than aspirin. If the goal is to extract caffeine preferentially and leave behind other components in the tea, one solvent may be more selective in this regard. Manage Settings What are the side effects of taking paracetamol? The compound is called N-acetyl-para-acetylaminophenol. "ATAR" is a registered trademark of the Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre ("VTAC"); "VCE" is a registered trademark of the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority ("VCAA"). Caffeine is polar because it has a partial negative charge on one side of the molecule and a partial positive charge on the other side. Taking the ratio of the compound's solubility in diethyl ether compared to water gives an approximate \(K\) of 4. Is caffeine more polar than paracetamol? - Answers \[\begin{align} K_\text{benzene} &\sim \dfrac{\left( \dfrac{1 \: \text{g caffeine}}{100 \: \text{mL benzene}} \right)}{\left( \dfrac{1 \: \text{g caffeine}}{46 \: \text{mL water}} \right)} \sim 0.46 \\[4pt] K_\text{chloroform} &\sim \dfrac{\left( \dfrac{1 \: \text{g caffeine}}{5.5 \: \text{mL chloroform}} \right)}{\left( \dfrac{1 \: \text{g caffeine}}{46 \: \text{mL water}} \right)} \sim 8.4 \end{align}\]. I have what I think should be one of those Simple questions that's making me tear my hair out because I'm not seeing something obvious. Legal. When it comes to polarity, aspirin and caffeine are more polar than acetaminophen. Read before you think. Intravenous and rectal forms require a prescription in all countries. As the least "polar" of the series, ethylbenzene is also the best dissolved by the weakly polar eluent. In general, polar compounds dissolve better in polar solvents like water, and nonpolar compounds dissolve better in nonpolar solvents like oil or alcohol. Lab 2: High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Chemistry LibreTexts A cup of coffee, a cup of teaboth are made from water and acidic. Paracetamol (or acetaminophen) is very soluble in methanol and ethanol and other slightly polar solvent. 0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic. Shape of the molecule is cyclic. While both caffeine and ibuprofen are polar molecules, caffeine is more polar than ibuprofen. See Answer. The oxygen atom in benzophenone is more crowded by the aromatic rings than the oxygen atom of acetophenone, which may impede its ability to strongly hydrogen bond with the silica gel. The dipole moment is a measure of the polarity of a molecule. The reason for this is that the nitrogen and oxygen in the caffeine molecule are more strongly polar than carbon, which allows them to more firmly pull covalent electrons from their carbon counterparts. The process is often repeated with a third extraction (not shown in Figure 4.16), with the aqueous layer from the second extraction being returned to the separatory funnel, followed by another portion of fresh organic solvent. Both compounds are similar in that they can hydrogen bond to the stationary phase through their oxygen atom. Note that with equal volumes of organic and aqueous phases, the partition coefficient represents the ratio of particles in each layer (Figure 4.11a). JavaScript is disabled. Researchers have found no significant differences in acute anti-inflammatory effects between aspirin and caffeine. I may not be caffeinated but wearing my puffer and with a cuppa in my hand, I'm ready for any kind of weather Melbourne . The polar solvent may occupy binding sites on the silica or alumina surface, such that they displace the sample from the stationary phase. This mixed solvent is mostly nonpolar due to the high percentage of hexane, but is more polar than straight hexane, due to the presence of some ethyl acetate (which has polar bonds, Figure 2.21a). Sandra Martini of Yonkers, New York, stopped along with others to help a fawn that was stuck between the railings of a fence. 7 Drinks You Should Know, How to Make Starbucks Whipped Cream? Caffeine is the most polar Which nitrogen on caffeine is most basic? Since the organic layer from the first extraction had already reached equilibrium with the aqueous layer, it would do little good to return it to the separatory funnel and expose it to the aqueous layer again. In this case, acetophenone can hydrogen bond (the IMF indicated in Figure 2.16a) to the silica surface through its oxygen atom. Caffeine is more polar than aspirin, meaning that it has a stronger electrical charge. The study was conducted by a team of researchers from the University of California, Riverside and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Do you have pictures of Gracie Thompson from the movie Gracie's choice. Figure 4.16 shows a diagram of an aqueous solution being extracted twice with diethyl ether. This can lead to a smaller amount of time adsorbed by the stationary phase. This compound has a polar group (the acetyl group) and a nonpolar hydrocarbon chain. Couple stops to help animal in need: See the dramatic video. Salicylic acid is also known as 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-carboxyphenol. A small number of countries require a prescription for the OTC form. How much is a biblical shekel of silver worth in us dollars? Some solvents have stronger hydrogen bonds than water; others can dissolve ions better; some can hold onto dissolved ions longer before releasing them into the solution. Ingredients You Can Pronounce. To demonstrate the effectiveness of a multiple extraction, let's return to the problem from the single extraction section, where a solution of \(0.50 \: \text{g}\) hyoscyamine in \(150 \: \text{mL}\) water is to be extracted into diethyl ether. Moderately polar compounds have a greater attraction to the mobile phase. Caffeine in the management of patients with headache Solved Which is the more polar and why? Paracetamol, - Chegg Liquid Chromatography Lab Report - 1683 Words - Internet Public Library Paracetamol, caffeine or aspirin. Question: Out of aspirin, ibuprofen caffeine, and acetaminophen, which is the MOST polar? We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Ibuprofen and aspirin are both polar molecules, meaning that they have a slight electric charge due to the uneven distribution of electrons throughout their structure. This problem has been solved! And the lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogens - Course Hero Solubility data can therefore be used to choose an appropriate solvent for an extraction. As Caffeine contains most number of heteroatoms in the functional group and it has lowest Rf value. Yaupon is an adaptogen, an herb that is thought to aid the body's return to a balanced state, so the benefits may be different for each person. Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol, is a medication used to treat pain and fever. So based on this alone, Paracetamol is more polar than caffeine. Topic: Polar..Non-polarcaffeineaspirin.. (Read 15315 times). You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Because of this, they are able to interact with other polar molecules in order to produce various effects within the body. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The more polar a molecule, the more it will be attracted to the mobile phase, hence will travel through the column faster, hence shorter retention time. Read More. Well, I've given up caffeine, but I've happily reunited with coffee. Is paracetamol polar? - Answers \[\begin{align} K &\sim \dfrac{\text{organic solubility}}{\text{water solubility}} \\[4pt] &\sim \dfrac{\left( 1.44 \: \text{g hyoscyamine}/100 \: \text{mL diethyl ether} \right)}{\left( 0.354 \: \text{g hyoscyamine}/100 \: \text{mL water} \right)} \\[4pt] &\sim \textbf{4.07} \: \text{(approximate} K \text{)} \end{align}\]. Caffeine is a common chemical that we interact with on a daily basis and people have access to it in many forms. Synthesis of Paracetamol (Morning) Paracetamol is made by reacting 4-aminophenol with ethanoic anhydride (more commonly called acetic anhydride). Solubility also dictates what happens when that substance is heated or cooled and how quickly a pure sample will evaporate once exposed to air. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Update: I'm still panicking, but a bit relieved, but also still confused, Update 2: I scoured the internet and it seems this issue has been encountered by many people over the years. All rights reserved. (Easy Way to Make It and Recipe). When a mobile phase is made more polar than originally, all compounds travel further and have a higher \(R_f\). This caused benzyl alcohol to be more strongly adhered to the silica/alumina than benzaldehyde, causing it to spend more time in the stationary phase. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. With fewer adverse side effects, it seems as though caffeine may provide adequate analgesia at lower doses than previously thought. \(^2\)The partition coefficients were approximated using solubility data found in: A. Seidell, Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Substances, D. Van. New theory of lightsail with torque and clutch. At his Yaupon Teahouse in Savannah's historic district, Thomann educates visitors about the benefits of yaupon. Is Caffeine Good for You? Pros and Cons, Nutrition Information, and More So when you add milk to your coffee, you might be making it easier for your body to absorb the drug than if you were to drink it black. Between caffeine, acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen, which is the 9 Greatest Variations and Substitutes for Starbucks Caramel Frappuccino, Starbucks iced white chocolate mocha substitute and alternative. What is the polarity of paracetamol? In all forms of chromatography, samples equilibrate between stationary and mobile phases. The second plate was run using a 3:2 hexane:ethyl acetate mixture, which is more polar than the 6:1 mixture because there is a higher percentage of ethyl acetate present.

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