Following are required steps and stuff for the cultivation of Super Napier grass-. . Two dairy cows can feed on the Napier grass cultivated in an acre of land in a year. In non-irrigated production regime napier grass was, however, more competitive. It is suitable for cultivation throughout the year. Understanding the costs and the potential economic returns to bioenergy alternatives are prerequisite components to adoption. Introducing a spectacular hybrid Super Napier plant that has unique characteristics to adopt as animal feedstock by the livestock owners. Napier grass possesses many desirable characteristics, including high yield per unit area, tolerance to intermittent drought and high water use efciency [2], making it a forage of choice. 9:587600, Hanna WW, Chaparro CJ, Mathews BW, Burns JC, Sollenberger LE, Carpenter JR (2004) Perennial Pennisetums. The amount of protein is reduced.when cultivated in sand. Now, use soil in order to cover the roots. Amer. No yield difference was associated with N rates in the non-irrigated regime. Fertilizer should be given 10 tons per acre before the last plowing. Two dairy cows can feed on the Napier grass cultivated in an acre of land in a year. After 25 to 30 days, weeding of spontaneous plants is necessary, otherwise, they can stop the growth of your crop. Each of these used a net present value approach to estimate annualized establishment and production costs. et al. Napier plant grass can also undergo intercropping with the crops like fodder trees, legumes etc. The results will provide a baseline for economically comparing napier grass with existing row cropping systems in Georgia. Combined the farm gate value of these crops totaled $1.5 billion in Georgia and are the dominant row crops produced in the coastal plain region of Georgia [11]. It is also called Uganda grass or elephant grass. These breakeven prices reflect the competiveness of napier grass grown as a perennial crop compared to individual annual crops commonly grown in rotation sequences together. 11236 cuttings are required for planting per acre. Yield. The soils which are light loamy and sandy are most preferred and heavy soils are not much encouraged for the growth of Napier grass. After 30 days we have to take the weeds. Breakeven prices were lowest in the non-irrigated treatment at $64.85 for variable cost and $84.34 for total costs. The non-irrigated napier grass competitive price was lower than each of the irrigated rates at $77.40 and $93.78Mg1 (Table 5). Now in the round pits, plantation of about 10 cane cuttings should be done. A producer should not consider a crop if the price received is not sufficient to cover variable cost because out of pocket expenses are not covered (Table 1). Breakeven prices for napier grass ranged from $65 to $84Mg1 at variable and total costs. The USDA-ARS WholeFarm planning system was utilized to calculate net returns and breakeven yields and prices. Gir cow's forehead is Bulging out. Don't fill irrigation water more than 2 inches when the plant becomes 20 cm long. High Yield: 25 tons per acre and 8 harvests per year. We use water mixture minerals necessary requirements that plants need. However, estimates of napier grass yields and cost of production coupled with complete return analysis for peanut, corn, and cotton allow estimation of the price required for napier grass to equal profitability to other crops and the peanut, cotton, corn cropping system. Using iron plought, two to five feet deep or about 15 to 30 cm ploughing should be done deeply. For napier grass to compete at the 100% irrigation level, the price ($ Mg1) would have to be $112.11 for variable cost and $116.11 for total cost (Table 5). The propagation of Napier grass can be done easily. Applications of expert systems in peanut production. The model is designed to avoid crop stress while triggering irrigation at the most efficient timing and volume to avoid over-irrigation. The establishment of seedlings will be done very rapidly from the slips rather than the ones which are grown from stem cuttings. He created Agriculture Review as a common platform for all nature enthusiast to learn better practices of agriculture, gardening & shop quality products & services. The GA-06G peanut cultivar was used in all crop years at a seeding rate of 19 seed m1 [12]. After this, watering should be done immediately. Super Napier grass seeds price. Now, the plantation has to be done along the contour line in order to control soil erosion. Concerns related to reducing productive cropland for the production of biofuels are warranted and will continue into the future. Using a similar approach and assumptions, a study in Florida concluded that the total variable costs of production for energy cane was $1836ha1 with fixed costs of $309ha1 [5]. He made this hybrid plant by crossing ordinary Napier grass with pearl millet named pakchong1 where it is developed. The soil should be Extinguishing once in 150 days. In the sowing process, every cutting pinch deep inside the soil and just the upper part of the cutting opens towards the sky. Energy cane, high-fiber sugarcane, has been identified as a potential warm-season alternative for bioenergy production in the Southeast because of higher yield potential and similar production practices and equipment requirements for production, harvesting, and transportation used in sugarcane production [3, 4]. Corn was produced on 330 thousand acres with a yield of 171 bushels per acre and a value of $194 million. 11, 574582 (2018). Res. We assume that the crop mix is equally balanced with peanut, cotton, and corn for comparison with napier grass. The five (20112015) and ten (20062015) year average prices were: peanuts ($545.71 and $498.32Mg1), cotton ($1.70kg1 and $1.55kg1), and corn ($223.93Mg1 and $198.73Mg1) [11]. Within 50 and 100% irrigation treatments, the required breakeven for peanuts was not reached in either the 5 or 10-year periods showing that irrigated peanuts were more profitable. volume11,pages 574582 (2018)Cite this article. HF cow milk production is very high in comparison of desi Indian cows. The crop of Napier grass will be sown mostly in the last week of February to the last week of August in India. Jersey cow eyes color is black but, Once there was a time when local desi Indian cow breeds produced a high milk yield. Gir cow milk and Ghee quality is very unique and high, feeding and caring are very affordable and easy to manage even in a small budget. Napier grass was produced in non-irrigated and irrigated environments with 3 irrigation rates (0, 1.1, and 2. cm irrigation week1). Allocation of land and resources will occur only if the returns are equal to or above the returns of existing cropping systems. Sahiwal cow and milk production Let's start with identity terms of Sahiwal cow to identify a pure Sahiwal cow breed- Sahiwal cow identity Head - Sahiwal cow head is long in size and round on forehead in shape. The 5-year (20112015) average price in Georgia for peanuts, corn, and cotton was used in this study at $545.11Mg1, $1.71kg1, and $223.93Mg1, respectively [11]. Perusal of table 1 revealed that majority of the beneficiaries (50%) observed the yield of 22 tons per acre. Let's start with how to identify hf cows. Napier grass stunt diseased growth from cut clumps, Stunt disease infected plant and the plant hopper that transmits the disease. Description. At variable production cost, comparative breakeven napier grass prices for non-irrigated, 50% irrigated, and full irrigated regimes were $77, $117, and $112Mg1, respectively. However, depending on prices for traditional crops and bioenergy feedstocks, napier grass could offer economic opportunities in non-irrigated production systems (depending on crop mix), riparian buffer zones, and non-cropped areas. This is because, late sowing gives only one cut by the last week of November and after that, it stays in a dormant stage. By all means, yes! In this article I will guide you on complete details about Napier grass cultivation. It should be in such a way that the seedbed should be very good for the plantation. Gir cow identity Head and body structure Gir cow head is quite different from other desi cow breeds. Breakeven yields (defined as cost per acre divided by price) represent the minimum required yield to production cost at the assumed commodity price. A 32 factorial design was also included for Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizer. In take of this fodder for the young calves may cause indigestion due to the glucose content in stem.To prevent this it can be mixed with dry fodder. For milk-producing animals, Super Napier grass is highly recommended to increase milk production. Your email address will not be published. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Soc. The objectives of this research are twofold: (1) address the yield response of napier grass under varying irrigation levels and fertility treatments and (2) incorporate existing data on cost of production coupled with irrigated and non-irrigated yield trial data for napier grass, peanut, corn, and cotton to address napier grass profitability relative to a peanut, corn, and cotton cropping system. Best management practices and in-season scouting were used for disease, weed, and insect control. Keywords: Napier grass, varieties, nutritive quality, yield Introduction Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) occurs naturally throughout tropical Africa and particularly in East Africa. Napier grass, a tropical plant, can grow up in drought and dry conditions. Moisture was adjusted to 15.5% for final yield determination. Super Napier grass directly impacts the physical growth of animals. At recent prices and yields for napier grass, peanut, cotton, and corn observed in this 5-year study, napier grass will not compete economically against traditional irrigated cropping systems. Super Napier grass contains 14 to 18% of protein which helps animals to get healthy and productive. Disease mainly spreads through wind and plant materials. BEST WAY TO ORGANIC FARMER. Cuttings Style. Mooney et al. The net return to irrigation in the 100% irrigation level did not differ from the 50% irrigation level and net returns to both irrigation levels were higher than the non-irrigated level. The USDA-ARS WholeFarm planning system was utilized to calculate net returns and breakeven yields and prices. Your seed/cutting must have at least 2 nodes, otherwise, your yield may not be in extra amount. Though, there is similar kind developed in India but has low yield (100 tons per acre) and nutrition (8-10 % protein) compared to the Thailand made. But despite different types of soils, pH must be between 6.1 to 7.6. No yield differences resulted at the 100% irrigation level between 84 and 168kgha1N rate or comparing the 168 and 336kgha1N rates. Though yield difference between the 100 and 50% irrigation levels was significant, added costs for applying irrigation were incurred. Napier grass was produced in both non-irrigated and two irrigated levels with different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. Irrigated and non-irrigated land charges of $337 and $90 per acre to reflect regional rates were included for peanut, corn, cotton, and napier grass. Napier plant with smutted tillers (initial symptom). Napier grass, a C4 monocot with high biomass production with good drought tolerance, water use efficiency, and performance across a wide range of soil conditions, was shown to have advantages in terms of biomass production compared to Alamo switchgrass and giant miscanthus in the Coastal Plain region of Georgia [6,7,8]. The average price of Super Napier grass per kg is $0.75. The infected plants typically have small yellow leaves and short internodes. Nitrogen and potassium costs were $1.10 and $0.75 per kilogram, respectively. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design that included four replicates under three irrigation levels. It produces about 45 tonnes per hectare in a year and the harvesting can be done at least four times a year. . HF Cow and milk per day HF cows are not Indian but they are popular in India. Look for stems that have at least three nodes, which are small bumps that will eventually grow into new leaves. Marshall C. Lamb. Peanut Sci. Her horns are quite curved upwards. It has the ability to withstand repeated cutting and will rapidly regenerate, producing palatable leafy shoots [4]. It produce large number of tillers. The price required for napier grass to compete with the peanut, cotton, corn production system ranged from $99 to $121Mg1 with total costs included mainly dependent on irrigation rate. Watering should be done on the third day. The production costs used in this study were the average of these two studies with modifications specific to the implementation and management of production of napier grass in this study. Super Napier grows well in all types of water. Results of trials in wet and dry areas. Variable costs for non-irrigated peanuts, corn, and cotton were $1323, $724, and $1006ha1 and fixed costs were $469, $237, and $470ha1, respectively. Interest and focus on development of renewable biofuels has been increasing over the past decade leading to the introduction of a wide cadre of renewable feedstocks. Yield range is between 380-400 tons/ha. Google Scholar, Coffin AW, Strickland TC, Anderson WF, Lamb MC, Lowrance RR, Smith CM (2016) Potential for production of perennial biofuel feedstocks in conservation buffers on the coastal plain of Georgia, USA. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in For this analysis, production costs per ton and breakeven prices will be provided based on both variable and total costs of production. Irrigation cost was estimated at $50.2 per hectare-cm. Peanut Sci 37:100105, Nuti RC, Lamb MC, Sorensen RB, Truman CC (2009) Agronomic and economic response to furrow diking in irrigated and non-irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). In addition, economic comparisons were made with a traditional cropping system in the region consisting of peanut, cotton, and corn to calculate the price required for economic competitiveness. The economic competitiveness of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) compared to traditional cropping systems has not been addressed. It was easy for desi cows to produce 20 to 25 liters of milk daily without any hesitation. Total rainfall received and irrigation applied during the growing season for each crop is provided in Table 3. In cotton the required breakeven price was not reached during the 5-year period and was reached only two times during the 10-year price period. Method of propagation. Most people are now interested in Foreign breeds like Jersey and HF like cows. Unlike Berseem fodder, Super Napier grass grows by cutting nodes. Since napier grass is more competitive in a non-irrigated regime, it is most likely that producers will consider this option especially in periods of reduced crop prices or higher prices for bioenergy feedstocks. In particular, the yield is not reduced when the crops are cultivated on the beach sand. Full-size bell and ash, as well as 50 percent of nitrogen, should be applied as base manual. Principal purpose of chicken farm is to raise chickens for meat. 1. Super Napier grass yield per acre. . Cross commodity breakeven prices are also calculated within WholeFarm [16]. The breakeven prices are calculated for total costs (variable and fixed costs) for all crops. Plots were 15.2M and harvested using a 2-row pull type peanut thresher with a bagging attachment. In an existing cropping system, a portion of depreciation on existing equipment could be paid out whereas equipment required for a new crop alternative would have to be purchased and fully depreciated. It is fast spreadin. It is better to get at least a practical idea to start a hydroponic farming business. The 336kgha1N rate was higher than the 84kgha1N rate in the 100% irrigation level (Table 4). The cost for the N rates of 84, 168, and 336kgha1 were $93, $168, and $336 per hectare, respectively. In the 100% irrigation level, the prices for peanuts, cotton, and corn would be $394.29Mg1, $1.42kg1, and $193.56Mg1, respectively. After each harvest, 30 kg of nitrogen (65 kg of urea) will be given higher yield. Now, place the splits of the root in the holes of planting and cover the soil. Breakeven prices (cost per acre divided by yield) provide the prices at which production costs are covered for the given yield. Yield per acre. A randomized block design was used to compare sprinkler irrigation with a non-irrigated control during the 20112015 crop years with three replications, and each crop was produced in each crop year within the rotation sequences. The laboratory-based biogas plant and a biogas . Agronomic and economic effect of irrigation rate in cotton. To address this, partial budget analysis was utilized. In the non-irrigated regime, the minimum prices for peanuts, cotton, and corn would be $415.50Mg1, $1.61kg1, and $336.14Mg1. Corn was planted at 6.5 seeds m1. As a result, numerous perennial warm-season grasses have been introduced and management practices evaluated to determine their suitability as biofuel feedstocks. We don't use soil in hydroponic farming. agrotec., 34 (5): 1219-1222: Touvin, H, 1989. The results provide the breakeven price points relative to recent historical prices required for consideration of napier grass compared to traditional rotations. Depending up on the soil, water, and method of agriculture harvest may be done depending upon the maturity and yield accordingly. Appl Energy 86:22732282, Lamb MC, Rowland DL, Sorensen RB, Butts CL, Faircloth WH, Nuti RC (2006) Economic returns of irrigated and non-irrigated peanut based cropping systems. Univ. Poultry farming is a method of raising chickens for meat . Thus, producer objectives would drive irrigation level. Now in the round pits, plantation of about 10 cane cuttings should be done. 2009 demonstrated the importance of yield on breakeven prices for switchgrass produced on four differing soil types in Tennessee with breakeven prices ranging from $46Mg1 (17.7Mgha1 yield) to $69Mg1 (8.5Mgha1 yield) concluding that breakeven prices were influenced by yield, N price, and fuel prices [19]. Calculating breakeven yields, prices, and cross commodity prices in annual crops is straightforward. Don' use chemicals to kill spontaneous plants, you can separate them on 30 days gap. No farm level prices exist for napier grass so indirect methods to analyze economic competitiveness were employed that required the prices for the compared crops. After the sowing process gets completed, the first irrigation does just by showering water on the soil. Then after 3 subsequent weeding processes, composting can apply to the plants. Though Napier grass is tolerant to drought and can grow well even in the areas which are dry, it is considered to be suitable to grow in the areas where there is high rainfall. It is C4 plant and can grow well in marginal land. How many times do people talk about desi cows for the dairy farming business? The estimated yield loss due to smut disease ranges from 26 to 46%. After that, the Super Napier grass does not grow weeds so fast and dense. The main effect of irrigation was significant for yield for all crops: napier grass, all years (30,396kgha1 100% irrigated vs. 28,114kgha1 50% irrigated vs. 22,180kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)); peanuts (6395kgha1 irrigated vs. 4205kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)); cotton (1537kgha1 irrigated vs. 795kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)); and corn (12,847kgha1 irrigated vs. 3228kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)) (Table 2). This study investigates the Napier grass and cattle slurry-based biogas production application that could be applied more cost-effectively more sustainable production biogas. Irrigation and nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were removed from the cost estimates and replaced by actual amounts used in the study. Stem cuttings (3 nodes lengths) were placed in a sand and soil mix during the fall of 2009. The leaves which are young and tender seem very tasty when served as feed to livestock or cattle. Cut the stem around 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) above the soil. The following will help you to get an idea of investment and setup cost(initial and per cycle) in hydroponic farming. Cost of production estimates for peanut, corn, and cotton were taken from the University of Georgia Crop Extension budgets for non-irrigated and irrigated production. in other agricultural systems. Once the weed is taken out the soil has to be enriched with sufficient nutrients, so that the crop yield much.After the first weed (30 days) or the second (45 days) taken the weed will grow depends on the nature of the soil. Super Napier grass is a highly nutritious forage crop in many parts of the world. Azospirillum and phosphonates (800g per acre) or azophos (1600g) mix with 75% of recommended nitrogen and phosphorus, increase yield and reduce 25% fertilizer. This grass is tall and its formation will be rousted and the clumps will look like bamboo. Then remove the stems of Napier grass which are at the ground level in order to remove the green material. Peanuts contributed the highest influence to net returns followed by cotton and lastly corn within the cropping system [21]. Super Napier Grass price per kg. Plots consisted of 18 rows established on 0.91M spacing with a plot length of 18m long with a 3m border/buffer between treatments. Defence from the desease. super Napier yield in the natural irrigation is better. At the top end of the range, napier grasses have been shown to yield up to 80 dry tonnes per hectare per year, . Can be grown for commercial hay production. Irrigation and fertilizer treatments began in spring of 2011. Bioenerg. Reduce the radius of the crops once every two to three years and maintain the size of the bar 3 * 2 feet. A mixture of super Napier grass with dry fodder increases the immunity of animals. Fertilizer treatments were applied in April of each year over the entire three row plot. When harvesting the fodder should be remove along the ground level. https://doi.org/10.2134/ctfm2014.0061, Davidson, J.I., Jr, M.C. The first harvesting of Super Napier grass does after 60 to 70 days. Harvest the crop once in 45 days. You may use . As one would expect, dry matter yield per cut of King Napier grass ( Table 2) increased with increasing intervals between harvests, from 1,779 kg DM/ha/cut at 30 day interval to 4,683 kg DM/ha/cut . Nitrogen was side-dressed in a single application at 82kgNha1 and other fertilizers were applied based on soil sample recommendations. Knoll et al. Poultry farm, 5000 chicken farming Business plan, shed size, investment cost and project report 2022, Hydroponic farming setup cost, subsidy, investment and profit margin in India, HF cow and milk production per day, price, and milk price per litre, Gir cow milk per day, price, identity, feeding, ghee, and use in dairy farming, Sahiwal cow, milk per day, price, milk price per liter, identity, dairy farming performance. The main reason is that the production cost per ton and the partial net returns to irrigation between the two irrigation rates were very close because the additional per hectare revenue in the 100% irrigated napier grass was basically negated by the additional irrigation application cost compared to the 50% irrigated napier grass. Because of the reduced non-irrigated corn yield in Georgia (38% of non-stress yields), limited acres are devoted to corn in non-irrigated production. Agric. Crop Sci 29:1327, Skevas T, Swinton SM, Tanner S, Sanford G, Thelen KD (2016) Investment Bioenergy Crops. These cuttings can be 15 to 20 cm long and white-yellowish by color. . Agric Water Manag 96:10781084, Mooney DF, Roberts RK, English BC, Tyler DD, Larson JA (2009) Yield and breakeven price of Alamo switchgrass for biofuels in Tennessee. Organic compost is basic fertilizer that can use with almost every kind of cultivation. Data on production costs of napier grass, sugarcane, or energycane in the coastal plain region of Georgia are not available. When plants appear 15 cm and just more from the ground level, first composting can apply to the plants. Napier grass (cv. Just beside horns, Gir cow ears rest downwards. (2013) made a similar observation and suggested that soil N availability in a Tifton loamy sand must remain above 100kgha1year1 in order to maintain yield stability [2]. . Weeding can be done just before 20 days of your next crops. Do not graze animals directly on Napier grass. When the added cost of irrigation between the 100 and 50% was accounted, net return in the 100% irrigation level was $23.50 and $169ha1 higher than the 50% and non-irrigated levels, respectively. Depending on traditional crop prices and bioenergy feed stock prices, napier grass could offer economic opportunities in non-irrigated production environments, riparian buffer zone edges, or non-cropped marginal production areas. Napier grass yield increases were associated with higher N rates varied with irrigation levels (Table 4). Variable cost were derived from previous studies aimed at providing energy cane production cost in Louisiana and Florida where variable cost ranged from 59 to 79% of total cost of production at the farm level [4, 5, 20].